1. Fig. 46-1
Chapter 46
Animal Reproduction

2. Fig. 46-2

3. Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Female Female Male
Fig. 46-3
Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Female
Generation 1
Female
Generation 2
Male
Generation 3
Generation 4

4. Both are females; Parthenogenic
Fig. 46-4a
Both are females; Parthenogenic

5. The sexual behavior  the cycle of ovulation
Fig. 46-4b
The sexual behavior  the cycle of ovulation
Ovary size
Ovulation
Ovulation
Estradiol
Progesterone
Hormone level
Time
Behavior
Female
Male- like
Female
Male- like

6. Fig. 46-5
Fertilization
Eggs

7. Giant water bugs: parental protection; few offsprings
Fig. 46-6
Giant water bugs: parental protection; few offsprings

8. (a) Male honeybee (drone) (b) Female honeybee (queen)
Fig. 46-7
Accessory gland
Ovary
Ejaculatory duct
Testis
Oviduct
Spermatheca
Penis
Vas deferens
Vagina
Seminal vesicle
Accessory gland
(a) Male honeybee (drone)
(b) Female honeybee (queen)

9. A hermaphrodite 雌雄同體 Genital pore (Digestive tract) Male organs:
Fig. 46-8
A hermaphrodite
雌雄同體
Genital pore
(Digestive tract)
Male organs:
Female organs:
Uterus Yolk gland 4
Seminal vesicle 3
Yolk duct 3
Sperm duct (vas deferens) 2
Oviduct 1
Ovary 2
Vas efferens
Seminal receptacle 1
Testis
(Excretory pore)

10. Oviduct Ovary Uterus (Urinary bladder) (Rectum) (Pubic bone) Cervix
Fig a
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Rectum)
(Pubic bone)
Cervix
Urethra
Vagina
Shaft
Glans
Clitoris
Prepuce
Labia minora
Labia majora
Vaginal opening

11. Oviduct Ovaries Follicles Corpus luteum Uterine wall Uterus
Fig b
Oviduct
Ovaries
Follicles
Corpus luteum
Uterine wall
Uterus
Endometrium
Cervix
Vagina

13. Epididymis Testis Scrotum
Fig b
(Urinary bladder)
(Urinary duct)
Seminal vesicle
(Rectum)
(Pubic bone)
Vas deferens
Erectile tissue
Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Urethra
Penis
Bulbourethral gland
Glans
Vas deferens
Epididymis Testis Scrotum
Prepuce

14. Spermatogenesis

15. Cross section of seminiferous tubule Secondary spermatocyte
Fig b
Epididymis
Seminiferous tubule
Sertoli cell nucleus
Spermatogonium
Testis
Primary spermatocyte
Cross section of seminiferous tubule
Secondary spermatocyte
Spermatids (two stages)
Lumen of seminiferous tubule
Sperm

16. Spermatogenesis Primordial germ cell in embryo Mitotic divisions
Fig c
Primordial germ cell in embryo
Spermatogenesis
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonial stem cell 2n
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonium 2n
Mitotic divisions
Primary spermatocyte 2n
Meiosis I
Secondary spermatocyte n n
Meiosis II
Early spermatid n n n n
Differentiation (Sertoli cells provide nutrients)
Sperm n n n n

17. Oogenesis Fig. 46-12e In embryo 2n 2n n n n n Ovary
Primary oocyte within follicle
In embryo
Growing follicle
Primordial germ cell
Mitotic divisions 2n
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I 2n
Mature follicle
Ruptured follicle
Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II
First polar body n n
Secondary oocyte, arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
Ovulated secondary oocyte
Ovulation, sperm entry
Completion of meiosis II
Second polar body
Corpus luteum n n
Fertilized egg
Degenerating corpus luteum

18. Primary oocyte within follicle
Fig f
Ovary
Ruptured follicle
Primary oocyte within follicle
Ovulated secondary oocyte
Growing follicle
Corpus luteum
Mature follicle
Degenerating corpus luteum

19. Fig. 46-12g 2n 2n n n n n In embryo Primordial germ cell
Mitotic divisions 2n
Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Primary oocyte (present at birth), arrested in prophase of meiosis I 2n
Completion of meiosis I and onset of meiosis II
First polar body n n
Secondary oocyte, arrested at metaphase of meiosis II
Ovulation, sperm entry
Completion of meiosis II
Second polar body n
Fertilized egg n

20. Hormone control of the testes
5 Sertoli cell,
7 Leydig cell,
Nurse cells

21. Degenerating corpus luteum
Fig a
(a)
Control by hypothalamus
Inhibited by combination of estradiol and progesterone
Hypothalamus –
Stimulated by high levels of estradiol
GnRH +
Anterior pituitary
Inhibited by low levels of estradiol –
FSH LH
(b)
Pituitary gonadotropins in blood LH
FSH
FSH and LH stimulate follicle to grow
LH surge triggers ovulation
(c)
Ovarian cycle
Corpus luteum
Degenerating corpus luteum
Growing follicle
Maturing follicle
Follicular phase
Ovulation
Luteal phase
Days | | | | | | | | 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

22. Estradiol Progesterone Fig. 46-14b (d) Ovarian hormones in blood
Peak causes LH surge
Estradiol
Progesterone
Estradiol level very low
Ovulation
Progesterone and estradiol promote thickening of endometrium
(e)
Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Endometrium
Menstrual flow phase Proliferative phase
Secretory phase
Days | | | | | | | | 5 10 14 15 20 25 28

23. Estrous cycle:
Mammals share the same reproductive system, including the regulatory hypothalamic system that releases gonadotropin releasing hormone in pulses, the pituitary that secretes follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and the ovary itself releases sex hormones including estrogens and progesterone.
1.One difference is that animals that have estrous cycles reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle.
2. Another difference is sexual activity. In species with estrous cycles, females are generally only sexually active during the estrus phase of their cycle (see below for an explanation of the different phases in an estrous cycle).

24. Fig
Maternal arteries
Maternal veins
Placenta
Maternal portion of placenta
Umbilical cord
Chorionic villus, containing fetal capillaries
Fetal portion of placenta (chorion)
Maternal blood pools
Uterus
Umbilical arteries
Fetal arteriole
Fetal venule
Umbilical cord
Umbilical vein

25. Fig
(a) 5 weeks
(b) 14 weeks
(c) 20 weeks

26. Fig a
(a) 5 weeks

27. Fig b
(b) 14 weeks

28. Fig c
(c) 20 weeks

29. from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary
Fig
Estradiol
Oxytocin +
from ovaries
from fetus and mother’s posterior pituitary
Induces oxytocin receptors on uterus
Positive feedback
Stimulates uterus to contract
Stimulates placenta to make +
Prostaglandins
Stimulate more contractions of uterus

30. Expulsion: delivery of the infant
Fig
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Uterus
Cervix
Dilation of the cervix 1
Expulsion: delivery of the infant 2
Uterus
Placenta (detaching)
Umbilical cord
Delivery of the placenta 3

31. Fig. 46-20 Male Female Method Event Event Method Production of sperm
Production of primary oocytes
Vasectomy
Combination birth control pill (or injection, patch, or vaginal ring)
Sperm transport down male duct system
Oocyte development and ovulation
Abstinence
Abstinence
Condom
Female condom
Coitus interruptus (very high failure rate)
Sperm deposited in vagina
Capture of the oocyte by the oviduct
Tubal ligation
Spermicides; diaphragm; cervical cap; progestin alone (as minipill, implant, or injection)
Sperm movement through female reproductive tract
Transport of oocyte in oviduct
Meeting of sperm and oocyte in oviduct
Morning-after pill; intrauterine device (IUD)
Union of sperm and egg
Implantation of blastocyst in endometrium

32. You should now be able to:
1. Describe oogenesis and spermatogenesis; describe three major differences between them
2. Explain how the uterine and ovarian cycles are synchronized and describe the functions of the hormones involved