1. Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
Chapter 2 Basic Chemistry
Slides 2.21 – 2.40

2. Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Synthesis reaction (A+BAB)
Atoms or molecules combine
Energy is absorbed for bond formation
Decomposition reaction (ABA+B)
Molecule is broken down
Chemical energy is released
Slide 2.18

3. Synthesis and Decomposition Reactions
Figure 2.9a, b
Slide 2.19

4. Patterns of Chemical Reactions
Exchange reaction (AB + CAC+B)
Bonds are made and broken
Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made
Slide 2.20

5. Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
Organic compounds
Contain carbon
Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)
Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon
Usually simpler
Example: H2O (water)
Slide 2.21

6. Important Inorganic Compounds
Water
Most abundant inorganic compound
Vital properties
High heat capacity
Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before the temp changes greatly
Polarity/solvent properties
Great solvent, because of polarity it can dissolve many substances.
Slide 2.22

7. Important Inorganic Compounds
Chemical reactivity
Helps with hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions
Cushioning
Cerebrospinal fluid protects the brain and spinal cord
Slide 2.22

8. Important Inorganic Compounds
Salts
Become ions in the presence of water
Na+Cl- (table salt) Ca+Cl- (in bones)
Slide 2.23

9. Important Inorganic Compounds
Characteristics of Acids
↑H+ and ↓OH-
Ex: gastric juice, lemon juice
0 to 6 on pH scale
Characteristics of Bases
↓H+ and ↑OH-
Blood, seawater, ammonia
8 to 14 on pH scale
Slide 2.24

10. pH Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions pH 7 = neutral
pH below 7 = acidic
pH above 7 = basic
Buffers
Chemicals that can regulate pH change
Figure 2.11
Slide 2.25

11. Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Include sugars and starches
Classified according to size
Monosaccharides – simple sugars
Disaccharides – two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides – long branching chains of linked simple sugars
Slide 2.26
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12. Carbohydrates Figure 2.12a, b Slide 2.27
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13. Carbohydrates Figure 2.12c Slide 2.28
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14. Dehydration Synthesis
Monomers are built up into polymers.
Water is taken away and the synthesis of molecules occurs

15. Dehydration Synthesis

16. Hydrolysis Polymers are broken down into monomers.
Water is added and the lysis of the polymer occurs.

17. Hydrolysis

18. Organic Compounds
Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of a molecule of sucrose.
If glucose is not immediately need for ATP synthesis then it will be converted to fats and stored.

19. Important Organic Compounds
Lipids (aka- fats)
Enter the body from- meats, egg yolks, milks, oils (animal or plant)
In the body as neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroids
Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
Example: Tristearin- C57 H110 O6
Slide 2.29

20. Important Organic Compounds
Most lipids are insoluble in water
With the exception of phospholipids which are found in cell membranes.

21. Organic Compounds Neutral Fats or Triglycerides
Composed of- 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
Results in E-shaped molecule
Glycerol backbone is the same in all triglycerides, the fatty acids will differ.

22. Organic Compounds Saturated- carbons single bond
Unsaturated- carbons double or triple bond

23. Organic Compounds
Neutral fats- yield large amounts of energy in the form of ATP
Fat deposits around organs and body help prevent heat loss and give cushioning.

24. Phospholipids
Hydrophobic tails (non polar) which means that it hates water
Hydrophilic head (polar) which means it like water.
Cell membranes are made of a phospholipid bilayer.

25. Lipids
Figure 2.14a, b
Slide 2.31
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26. Steroids and Cholesterol
Most important steroid is cholesterol
It is used to form vitamin D, sex hormones, cortisol, and bile salts.
Figure 2.14c
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27. Important Organic Compounds
Proteins
Make up 50% of organic matter in the body
Have varied functions
Slide 2.33a

28. Important Organic Compounds
Amino Acids- the building blocks of proteins
Have amine group (base) nitrogen
Have acid group
Amino Acids join together to form chains and create a functional protein.
Slide 2.33b

29. Fibrous Proteins Strand-like, structural proteins
Examples: collagen, cartilage, keratin
Slide 2.33b

30. Globular Proteins Spherical molecules
They do things rather than just provide structure
Also called functional proteins
3-D structure is held in place by hydrogen bonds
Function depends on active sites on the surface that interact chemically with other molecules

31. Enzymes Functional proteins that act as biological catalysts
Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.16

32. Enzymes Without enzymes biological reactions would not occur Examples-
Hydrolase- adds water
Oxidase- causes oxidation
Enzyme names always end in –ase
Figure 2.16

33. Important Organic Compounds
Nucleic Acids
Provide blueprint of life
Composed of C, O, H, N, P
The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides
Nitrogen containing base varies
5-carbon sugar is same
Phosphate group is same
Slide 2.35

34. Important Organic Compounds
There are 5 kinds of nucleotides
A = Adenine
G = Guanine
C = Cytosine
T = Thymine
U = Uracil
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA- ribonucleic acid
DNA has- A,T,C,G

35. Important Organic Compounds
ATP- Adenosine triphosphate
Chemical energy used by all cells
Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond
ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels
ATP ↔ ADP + P + Energy
Slide 2.37

36. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Figure 2.18a
Slide 2.38
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37. How ATP Drives Cellular Work
Figure 2.19
Slide 2.39
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