1. The Drive to Nationhood (1854-1868)
Chapter 9
The Drive to Nationhood ( )

2. 1. Political Deadlock is when
Is when two groups in government can’t come to an agreement
Is when a politician resorts to violence to get bills passed
Is when politicians kill people
Is when politicians have thumb wars with each other.

3. 2. A tariff is:
When people buy and sell goods to other countries/colonies without paying tax.
Is when colonies joined together to form a federal union
Tax on goods that are sold to other countries/colonies.
Is representation by population

4. 3. The Reciprocity Treaty was signed between _________ and _________?
Britain and British North America
Britain and France
British North America and United States
Province of Canada and United States

5. 4. What is “Rep by Pop”? Population with Representation
A law of the British government
Representation by population
Responsibility of population

6. Term 3 - Review American Revolution Loyalists Migration
Settlement in Atlantic and Quebec regions
Great Migration
Rebellions in U. and L. Canada
Durham Makes Recommendations
Responsible Govn’t created and enforced

7. The Province of Canada
The Act of Union, 1841 was not successful. No one could control the Legislative Assembly and implement any changes.
The Canadiens (French) believed the English Canadians were trying to make them lose their cultural identity (language, religion and culture).
Rep by Pop (Representation by Population)– the number of elected members of a Legislative Assembly is based on the number of voters.

8. Think/Pair/Share
English Canadians wanted Representation by population. Why?
Why were the French against “Rep by pop.”

9. Political Deadlock (1854-1867)
There was disagreement in the Legislative Assembly and representatives from Canada West and Canada East usually voted against each other. This meant things could not get done in government and resulted in a political deadlock.
Eventually two political leaders from separate political parties (George Brown (Clear Grits) and John A. Macdonald (Tories)) decided to end the deadlock and work together for the good of the country

10. Confederation
Confederation refers to when the colonies of British North America agreed to join together to form a nation. The members in this union would retain some power over their own affairs and would turn some powers over to a more powerful central government. This central government is located in Ottawa.

11. Think/Pair/Share
With a partner discuss how Canada’s confederation is similar to China’s government structure?
How is it different?

12. Day 2

13. Reasons for Federal Union (Confederation)
There are multiple reasons why the political parties wanted federal union (Confederation). Many changes had taken place during the 1850s and early 1860s to make them want Union.
Political Deadlock in Government
Construction of a Railway
Trade with the United States
American Expansion into British North America
Changing attitude of Great Britain

14. Great Coalition and Political Deadlock
The purpose of the Great Coalition was to create a federal union in the Province of Canada (Canada West and Canada East)
It was also intended to seek larger union with other BNA colonies: Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI

15. A Railway Was Needed
The Province of Canada was separated from the Atlantic colonies because ice jams during the winter and steep mountains ranges.
A railway system was need to transport people and goods between cities.
A railway system would allow people to travel during the winter months.
Who do you think would benefit from the railway system the most at this time?

16. Trade with the United States
Before confederation British North American colonies had free trade with the United States. This meant they didn’t have to pay tariffs (taxes) on products going across the border.
In 1865, the United States decided to end the Reciprocity Treat which threatened Canada’s economy.
The colonies believed that if they joined together, traded among themselves and removed all tariffs between their various colonies, economic prosperity would continue.

17. Threat of American Expansion Northward
American Civil War – Southern raiders used B.N.A. as base for their invasion. There was talk of invading Canada
Fenians boarder raids – The Fenians were Irish Catholics who wanted to end British rule in Ireland. They attacked B.N.A.
to punish Britain.
Western Expansion – The population in the United States grew rapidly. Immigrants expanded West to seek empty land. People in B.N.A. feared the United States was going to be annexed/invaded/buy land from B.N.A.

18. Changing British Attitudes
Britain wanted its colonies to unite together because it was too expensive to provide protection to each of them. They thought that if the colonies united they would be able to defend themselves. Britain’s decision to encourage union was very important since many people in the colonies were intensely loyal to Britain.

19. Think/Pair/Share
Go back and review each of the 5 reasons for confederation and explain why some colonies wanted to create a Union.

20. Day 3

21. The Atlantic Colonies: 1854-1864
There was little industrial development in this region from s.
Little population growth (no immigration).
End of special trade deal with USA
Less trade with Britain because of Britain’s free trade policy.
Thus, the Atlantic provinces were concerned about American expansion and their own economic security

22. Charlottetown Conference: 1864
Date: September 1, 1864
Place: Charlottetown, P.E.I.
Present: Leaders from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, PEI and Province of Canada
Not invited: Newfoundland
Purpose: To discuss the idea of a union of the Atlantic colonies. The province of Canada promised to build a railway to connect the Atlantic provinces. Agreed to meet in one month do continue discussions.

23. Quebec Conference: 1864 Date: October, 1864 Place: Quebec City
Present: Leaders from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, PEI and Province of Canada and Newfoundland
Purpose: The conference lasted for over 2 weeks. The result of the conference was a list called the Seventy-Two Resolutions, which were to form the basis upon which the new nation of Canada would be built.

24. Think/Pair/Share
Discuss and record with your partner some of the major ideas in the Seventy-two resolutions. Who did the Resolutions give most power to?

25. Seventy-Two Resolutions
Major Ideas:
Strong central government (federal government would handle common affairs such as economic development and defence).
Limited provincial powers (social and cultural issues)
Federal government will compose of the lower house (House of Commons –similar to Legislative Assembly) and the upper House (Senate)
Members in the House of Commons (Lower House) were elected by REP by POP.
Members of the Senate were appointed. Each region would be given equal amount of members, thus providing protection for the Atlantic colonies.

26. Fantasy Debates
With your partner, re-read the different perspective of the Assembly members and explain why some members were for or against confederation? In addition, which perspective do you agree with most?
See pg.191

27. Day 4

28. The Atlantic Colonies
There was strong opposition in the Atlantic colonies to the Seventy-Two Resolutions and Confederation. Many people felt they were doing fine by themselves. People were fishing, lumbering, and shipbuilding.
Even though there was strong opposition to confederation, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia decided to join.
Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland rejected confederation.

29. Think/Pair/Share In groups of two discuss the following question:
“If New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were so against confederation why did they join in the end?”

30. The Atlantic Colonies What happened?
If New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were so against confederation why did they join?
New Brunswick:
Great Britain supported confederation
Fenian raids across the boarder
People saw some economic benefits
Funding for railway construction.
Nova Scotia
Wanted to see their colony linked with the Province of Canada with a railway.
Economic Issues.

31. Samuel Leonard Tilley (New Brunswick)
Samuel Leonard Tilley is considered one of the Fathers of Confederation. He represented New Brunswick at both Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences.
As premier (leader) he led the fight to convince the people to support confederation.
When the colonies joined to form one nation (Canada) Tilley was appointed to John A. Macdonald’s government (Conservative Political Party)

32. Charles Tupper (Nova Scotia)
Tupper was 3rd generation Nova Scotian and represented Nova Scotia during the Charlottetown and Quebec conferences as premier.
Like Tilley, he was appointed to the Macdonald government and was in charge building canals and railways.

33. Think/Pair/Share
Discuss with your partner the reasons why PEI and Newfoundland didn’t join confederation.

34. The Atlantic Colonies Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland
PEI – didn’t join union because they didn’t see how they would gain anything. In addition, they didn’t think they would have any power within the union.
Newfoundland – They didn’t join because they felt they had little in common with the people of the united Province of Canada.

35. London Conference: 1866 Date: 1866 Place: London, England
Present: Sixteen delegates from the 3 different colonies (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Province of Canada)
Purpose: To present the Seventy-Two Resolutions to British officials. Negotiate fine print and changes in the union. New Brunswick was guaranteed a railway would link them with the rest of Canada
RESULT: The ‘British North America Act’ was introduced in British Government and was passed quickly. Queen Victoria then proclaimed that the Dominion of Canada would become a nation and on July 1st, 1867.
John A. Macdonald would become the first prime minister.

36. Think/Pair/Share
Name the 3 different conferences held leading up to Canada’s confederation and why each was significant?

37. Sir John A. Macdonald Canada’s Mao
John A. Macdonald is a significant historical figure in Canadian history because:
Helped create the Liberal Conservative party in Canada West
He became the first prime minister of the Dominion of Canada.
He was responsible for the expansion of Canada.
He was responsible for building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which resulted in the West becoming populated.

38. Homework:
Read:196 – 203
Quiz on Monday
Chapter 9 test on Friday

39. Day 5

40. British North America Act, 1867
The BNA Act created the Dominion of Canada (United the Colonies into a union) in 1867, and stated the power of the provincial and federal government, outline the way in which the government would be structured, and guaranteed protection for minority groups.

41. British North America Act, 1867 Federalism
Provincial government vs Federal Government
At first, Macdonald and others didn’t want provincial governments. Quebec was worried it would lose its identity: language, religion and culture if they didn’t have a provincial government. Many people in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick also wanted provincial powers.
This meant Canada’s political structure was federalism and meant there would be two levels of government.

42. British North America Act, 1867 Federalism
This would be a system of central government and provincial governments.
The central government would have more power than the provincial governments. The provincial governments would have little power and few rights.
(Changes to the BNA ACT)
The British North America Act was later renamed to Constitution Act, 1867.
In 1982, changes were made to the constitution which gave more power to the provinces and less power to the central government.

43. Central Government Structure
Central Government would have 3 parts:
The head of government will be the monarch and is represented by the governor general
The law making body will be the House of Commons (similar to Legislative Assembly) and
Senate (appointed by the Prime Minister)

44. Central Government Structure
Each province will elect a representative to the House of Commons. The number of member of parliament from each province depends on the size of the population in that province (rep by pop).
The Senate is meant to represent regional interests and are appointed.

45. Central Government Structure
The creators of Canada wanted it to have a strong central government to avoid fighting between provinces. Here are some examples:
The central government was given authority over mattes of general concern. This was general and included anything not specifically covered by the provinces
It was also given the power to veto or reject any provincial law within one year of their passage.

46. Central Government Structure
The BNA 1867 or Constitution Act of 1867 provided a general outline of the rule. If questions arise, one refers to the constitution for the answers. If the constitution didn’t contain the answer they would refer to past customs or traditions and previous court rulings.

47. Day 6

48. First People
The constitution act, 1867 only had one direct reference to Aboriginal people. It stated that the parliament of Canada had exclusive authority over “Indians and lands reserved for the Indians.”
The first people were not spoken with or considered during the negotiations of union.
The Federal government adopted the policy of acquiring land from Aboriginal people through treaties; the people were settled on reserves

49. Think/Pair/Share
Discuss with your partner how the Canadian government treated the Aboriginal people;:
Did they treat the natives differently than other minority groups?
Were they treated fairly?
How could’ve this been done differently?

50. First People
The Federal government adopted the policy of acquiring land from Aboriginal people through treaties; the people were settled on reserves.
A government department in Ottawa was created to manage how they lived. The government was responsible for services such as health care and education.
The Canadian government adopted assimilation as its official policy when dealing with minorities through language, culture, religion and traditions.

51. Think/Pair/Share
In which ways would Canada assimilate the aboriginal people into the dominant Canadian culture?
Discuss some ways countries use assimilation?

52. Separatist Movement Conflict in Nova Scotia:
There were still many people in Nova Scotia that were not happy about the idea of confederation.
Anti-Confederates won the election
Leader of Anti Confederates was Joseph How who Lobbied the British Government
Separatist Movement:
In federal government, Howe tried to get N.S. released from confederation – they were rejected.
Howe and others went to London again to ask if N.S. could be released – defeated.
Compromise:
Returning defeated – Howe decided to make a compromise by renegotiating a deal with the Federal Government.
Their yearly grants were increased by $20, 000 per/year
Howe was granted a seat on the federal government.

53. Different Cultural Group
Germans immigrants –
First German to settle in Canada was in New France. They served in the French military and stayed after their military service.
British officials preferred German settlers because they were mostly protestant and skilled farmers.
During the American Revolution many of the soldiers in the British Military were German mercenaries. Many German soldiers came to Canada as Loyalists. It was estimated that 1/3 of the Loyalist who came to Upper Canada spoke German.

54. Different Cultural Group
Ukrainian immigrants
Similar to German immigrants, it is believed Ukrainian first came to North America as mercenary soldiers to fight in the War of 1812 and stayed on as settlers.
Most Ukrainian settlers settled in Manitoba (Red River Area).

55. Different Cultural Group
Chinese immigrants –
The first Chinese person to come to British North America was to work in the Pacific fur trade.
The Chinese didn’t establish permanent residency until the gold rush where they provided services for the miners such as restaurants, laundries, and hotels.
Most returned home after the gold rush, but some stayed to work as servants or in the new fishing industry.

56. Day 7