1. An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871
Chapter 22
An Age of Nationalism and Realism,

2. Good Musical? Nah.

3. Now, there’s a good musical.

4. The France of Napoleon III: Louis
Not allowed to stand for re-election under laws of French Republic
Restored universal male suffrage and asked for longer term-- gets it (10 years)
Asked that the empire be restored--gets it
Assumed the title of Napoleon III (Emperor), December 2, 1852

5. Napoleon III: Domestic Policy
Economic prosperity
Industrial growth
Government subsidies for infrastructure projects and industrialization
Provided better housing, hospitals & medicine for workers
Reconstruction of Paris
Broad streets--for armies to get through and less ability to barricade…
underground sewage system

6. Authoritarian Government (Bonapartesque)
Napoleon led the army, the police, and the civil service
He alone could introduce new legislation and declare war
The Legislative Corps (which was chosen by popular vote) gave the illusion of a representative government, but held no real power

7. Domestic Policy 1. Invested in national infrastructure
2. The economy soared in his first 5 years
3. Developed hospitals, healthcare, etc.
4. Redesigned the streets of Paris.
5. When opposition mounted, he conceded some liberal reforms (legalized unions, strikes, gave power to parliament, etc.)

10. Napoleon’s domestic policy was popular and successful, his foreign policy led to his demise
Mexico tried to take over Mexico, as both the US and Mexico were distracted with their own civil wars. Unfortunately, it didn’t work out. The Mexicans got Cinco de Mayo, and his would be emperor, Maximilian of Austria, lost his life.
The Crimean War
Franco-Prussian War
Foreign policy:

11. The Decline of the The Ottoman Empire
Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
Encroachment by the Russian Empire
Geographically close
Shared cultural ties with Greek Orthodox Christians

12. The Crimean War
Russia versus France and, well, just about everyone else.
Started when Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire and allegedly insulted France.

14. The Crimean War Russians demand to protect Christian shrines
(Privilege already given to the French)
Ottomans refuse
Russia invades Moldavia and Wallachia
Ottomans declare war, October 4, 1853
Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854
Fear of a too powerful Russia
Upsets the balance of the Concert of Europe
Austria stayed neutral (to Russia’s chagrin)
Russia’s loss causes them to retreat from Euro politics
Great Britain also retreats some
Sets the stage for Germany and Italy to unify

15. Crimean War
First war between European powers since the Napoleonic Wars & the Congress of Vienna
marked a breakdown of the alliance system that had maintained peace for nearly half a century--No more Concert of Europe
Russia and Austria now enemies

17. Cholera killed thousands during the Crimean War
Cholera killed thousands during the Crimean War. More would have died if not for the efforts of Florence Nightingale to provide strict sanitary conditions.

19. When King William I (1861- 1888) came to power he wanted to double the size of Prussia's army
The middle class dominated legislature feared compulsory military service and rejected the budget
The king appointed a new prime minister......

20. Otto von Bismarck a conservative
Junker class (land-owning aristocracy)
Experienced diplomat
Wanted to guide the German states to unification
A political realist who believed in Realpolitik (power politics)
Ignored the liberals in parliament

21. Austro-Prussian War

22. Prussia & Austria had dominated the German states for years

23. The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy
Ausgleich, Compromise, 1867
Creates a dual monarchy
German and Magyars dominate minorities
Francis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of Hungary
Some things in held in common
Other minorities

24. Austro-Hungarian Empire

25. Franco-Prussian War
Prussian desires for a unified Germany lead Bismarck to provoke France into war.
Dispute over the Spanish throne the catalyst
Bismarck sees France as its last obstacle
Already defeated Austria
Prussian victory=loss of French power and German unification under Prussian rule

26. Siege of Paris January, 1871

27. Paris after the siege

28. Bismarck & Napoleon III after the Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870

29. The Unification of Germany
William I,
Otto von Bismarck ( )‏
Reorganization of the army
Realpolitik
Austro-Prussian War (1866)‏
Austrian defeat

30. A Unified Germany
Southern German states joined the Northern German Confederation in the Franco-Prussian War
William I proclaimed Kaiser of the Second German Empire
German liberals were happy despite unification being achieved through the Prussian monarchy & military
Germany was now the most powerful state on the Continent

32. National Unification: Italy
Kingdom of Savoy
Victor Emmanuel II,
Count Camillo di Cavour ( )‏
Napoleon III alliance with Piedmont, 1858
War with Austria, 1859
Northern states join Piedmont
Guiseppi Garibaldi ( )‏
The Red Shirts
Invasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860
Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861
Annexation of Venetia, 1866
Annexation of Rome, 1870

33. Count Camillo di Cavour, prime minister of Piedmont
With wealth from an expanded infrastructure he financed a large army
Fostered an alliance with Napoleon III to drive the Austrians out of Italy
France would control Nice & Savoy in exchange

34. The Unification of Italy
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35. Giuseppe Garibaldi Leader of Southern Italian unification
Led “Red Shirts” to victory in Sicily against the Bourbon King
Crossed to the mainland and conquered southern states
Did not want to go to war with Cavour and retired
1861 New kingdom of Italy under king Victor Emmanuel II (ruler of Piedmont)

37. January 18, 1871, Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, France

40. Great Britain: The Victorian Age
Did not experience revolts in 1848
Reforms
Economic Growth & Stability--25% increase in wages
Victorian Age
Queen Victoria (1837 – 1901)
Sense of duty and moral respectability come to symbolize the age

41. Queen Victoria & her family, 1881

42. Benjamin Disraeli
Tory (conservative) leader pushed the passage of the Reform Act of 1867
Lowered the monetary requirements for voting
Disraeli thought it would help conservatives, but it actually helped liberals in parliament
Party loyalty intensified

43. William Gladstone Whig (liberal) leader
Introduced civil service exams to reduce political patronage
Secret ballot
Education Act of elementary education for all children

45. Imperial Russia Alexander II, 1855-1881
Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861
after defeat in Crimean War
serfdom seen as holding Russia back
Problems with emancipation
poverty, debt

46. Growing dissatisfaction --Alexander Herzen and “Land ad Freedom” populism--revolution led by the peasants
Assassinated by revolutionaries of the Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will)
Alexander III ( )‏ repressive

48. The United States: Slavery and War
The United States: Civil War and Reunion
Differences between North and South
The cotton economy, state’s rights, slavery
Election of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, 1860
Civil War,
Becomes about abolition
Emancipation Proclamation of 1863
A war measure
Differing interpretations about
th Amendment
Lincoln’s assassination
Problems for freed slaves (similar to Russia’s)

50. Letter to Joshua Speed--1855
I am not a Know-Nothing. How could I be? How can any one who abhors the oppression of Negroes be in favor of degrading classes of white people? Our progress in degeneracy appears to me pretty rapid. As a nation we began by declaring "all men are created equal." We now practically read it, "all men are created equal, except Negroes." When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read "all men are created equal, except Negroes, and foreigners, and Catholics." When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty--to Russia, for example, where despotism can be taken pure and without the base alloy of hypocrisy.

51. Marx and Marxism
Karl Marx ( ) and Friedrich Engels ( ), The Communist Manifesto, 1848
History is the history of class struggle (dialectical materialism)
Stages of history--feudalism to capitalism to socialism to communism.
In the end would be a classless society
After 1848 revolutions, Marx went to London
Marx, Das Kapital

53. Basic Principles of Capitalism
Private ownership: individual not gov’t
Free enterprise: anyone can participate in business
Profit motive: do it for $$$$
Competition: lower prices, better quality, bigger choice, stimulates creativity
Market economy: supply & demand

54. Labor Discontent LOW WAGES Barely above starvation level
LONG HOURS Hrs./day
Women & children (from age 5 )
Unsanitary & UNSAFE working conditions
Technological Unemployment displaced workers

55. Utopian Socialists: response to I.R.
They believed that capitalists, once convinced of the merits would voluntarily discard private ownership & profit motive
To many people the possibility that this would happen seemed unlikely, therefore these people were considered dreamers or UTOPIANS
Robert Owen, Claude St. Simon, & Charles Fourier advocate the establishment of ideal communities, however, their experimental communities typically failed.

56. Karl Marx & Scientific Socialism
“father of communism”
lived in poverty & witnessed the suffering of English industrial workers
Wrote:
Communist Manifesto: pamphlet written w/ Fredrich Engels
Used “communist” to distinguish himself from Utopians
Das Kapital: criticism of capitalism

60. Socialism- a movement to displace Capitalism
Private individuals own & operate
Private owners provide people with goods & services
Individual owners make decisions
SOCIALISM
Gov’t representing people owns & operates
Gov’t determines needs of the people
State planning Gov’t plans economy

61. A New Age of Science
Development of the steam engine led to science of relationship between heat and mechanical energy
Growth of scientific interest
Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease
Dmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights
Michael Faraday – generator

62. Louis Pasteur – Germ discovery was a major breakthrough in medicine
Germ theory of disease pioneered by Louis Pasteur
A chemist, Pasteur helped launch the science of bacteriology
Developed a process of heating to kill bacteria which helped prevent disease in the wine industry
Developed vaccination for rabies

63. Dmitri Mendeleyev
Classified material elements based on their atomic weight
This would lay the groundwork for the periodic law

64. Michael Faraday Discovered the process of electromagnetic induction
Created a generator, pioneering the use of electricity

66. Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859
All plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time
Those who survived had adapted to the environment
The Descent of Man, 1871
Ideas highly controversial; gradually accepted

67. Studied theology at Cambridge
Organic Evolution- all plants & animals over a long period of time from simpler forms of life
Expanded on Mathus’s ideas: there are more individuals than can possibly survive
life forms engage in a “struggle for existence

70. A Revolution in Health Care
Joseph Lister
Hospital gangrene a major problem
Antiseptic principle (to fight infection)
New Public Health Measures
Pasteurization of milk
Water purification
immunization
American Medical Association
Some standardization of medical training and practices
Women and Medical Schools
Elizabeth Blackwell (New York)
Female Medical College of Pennsylvania

71. Joseph Lister
Used carbolic acid as a disinfectant during surgery, thus preventing “hospital gangrene”
Antiseptic steamer

72. Elizabeth Blackwell 1st woman in America to earn a M.D.
Established a clinic in New York City

73. Realism in Literature The Realistic Novel Rejected Romanticism
Gustave Flaubert ( ), Madame Bovary, 1857
Romantic ideals have made Madame Bovary unhappy—unrealistic expectations
William Thackeray ( ), Vanity Fair, 1848
A novel should convey the sentiment of reality
Charles Dickens ( )
Famous for his descriptions of the industrial age

74. Thomas Eakins
The Gross Clinic (1875)
Dr. Samuel Gross is seen
performing surgery.
He pauses midway to
explain the operation with his students in the
Amphitheater of Jefferson
Medical College

75. Gustav Courbet’s The Stonebreakers
Aimed at a lifelike portrayal of the daily activities of
ordinary people. Use of browns & grays to communicate the
Drudgery of the work. of their work. Courbet is the most famous of

76. Jean-Francois Millet’s The Gleaners
French peasants. These women appear as powerful figures despite the
fact that they are performing backbreaking labor.

77. The March of the Weavers, Kathe Kollwitz, 1897.

78. Women Ironing, Edgar Degas, 1884

79. Franz Liszt and the New German School
1. Virtuoso pianist/composer
2. The peak of romanticism in music.
3. Got to love the piano recital.

80. Richard Wagner--opera composer
1. German nationalist.
2. Loved the leitmotiv: recurring musical form (chord progression, melody, etc.) that evoked the theme of the opera.
3. Obsessed with Germanic myths, etc. His The Ring of the Nibelung is an example of this.
4. Famous today for being Hitler’s favorite composer