1. BIOMES PP. 105-123

3. BIOMES  Different climates lead to different communities of organisms, especially vegetation  Average temperature and precipitation  Soil

6. http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other- shows/videos/assignment-discovery-shorts-iii- biomes-deserts /

12. DESERTS  Tropical, temperate, polar  Determined by precipitation, not temperature  Larger deserts are inland on continents  Extreme temperatures between day and night

13. TROPICAL DESERTS  Hot, dry year round  Few plants  Hard, windblown sand and rocks (TV Westerns)  Sahara/Namib Africa http://i.livescience.com/images/i/000/030/972/i02/s hutterstock_93404287.jpg?1347483719

14.  More precipitation than tropical  Summer days— high temps  Winter days— low temps.  Mojave—S. CA TEMPERATE DESERTS http://ww2.valdosta.edu/~mhmorgan/Mojave%20pic% 203.jpg

15. TEMPERATE DESERTS  Drought-resistant shrubs  Cacti/Succulents  Animals—Insects, reptiles, small mammals, predator birds http://carranzabanuelos3.weebly.com/uploads/ 2/6/8/3/26838685/5531298_orig.jpg

16. COLD DESERTS  Cold winters, summers warm/hot  Low precipitation  Sparse vegetation  Gobi, China http://static.guim.co.uk/sys- images/Travel/Pix/pictures/2012/4/26/1335451740 107/The-Gobi-desert-in-Mongol-008.jpg

17. DESERT PLANT ADAPTATIONS  Shed leaves in hot, dry periods to conserve water  Mesquite, creosote http://texastreeplanting.tamu.edu/treepictures/mesquite _honey.jpg http://www.redcliffsdesertreserve.c om/wp- content/uploads/2011/12/Creosote -bush-in-flower-2.jpg

18. DESERT PLANT ADAPTATIONS  Succulent (fleshy) to store water in tissues  No leaves (no evapotranspiration  Spines reduce water loss and protect from herbivores  Deep roots to reach groundwater  Saguaro http://traveladdictsnet.c.presscdn.com/wp- content/uploads/blogger/- AwzhosmtWgE/UZwPnmvkLUI/AAAAAAAAHOI/_oo Zo_DRur8/s400/Arizona-Saguaro-Cactus.jpg

19. DESERT PLANT ADAPTATIONS  Evergreen plants with waxy coating to reduce water loss  Stomata open at night to get carbon dioxide  Texas Mountain Laurel http://www.indianolatx.com/AIndPics/Plants/laurelpods603 66_39.jpg

20. DESERT ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS  Small, scales  Nocturnal  Concentrated waste  Insects get water from dew/food http://blog.uvm.edu/cgoodnig/files/20 14/10/fennec-fox.jpg

21. DESERT SOILS  Long recovery period from disturbances  Slow plant growth, low species diversity  Slow nutrient recycling due to sparse bacteria  Lack of water  Nutrient-poor, mineral rich

24. GRASSLANDS  Mostly interiors of continents; too moist for deserts; too dry for forests  Not enough moisture for trees  Low precipitation, various average temperatures  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =q_t15sZh0-s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v =q_t15sZh0-s

27. SAVANNA PLANT ADAPTATIONS o Widely clumped trees with thorns to protect from herbivores o Drought and fire resistant o Deep roots to reach groundwater http://room42.wikispaces.com/fil e/view/4savanna.jpg/34448245/4 99x312/4savanna.jpg

28. SAVANNA ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS  Farsighted, fast  Grazing at different areas to reduce competition  Migration in dry periods  Giraffes, zebra, antelopes, lions, hyenas, humans http://thegreatsavanna.weebly.com/uploads/1/4/2/ 8/14284847/4794163.gif?1352213180

30. DISTRIBUTION  Interior of continents  North America (prairies)  South America (pampas)  Eurasia (steppes)  Midwestern/West U.S. and Canada (short- grass and tall-grass prairies)

35. TUNDRA—POLAR GRASSLANDS PLANT ADAPTATIONS  Low-growing to escape bitter winds; conserve heat  Permafrost—short, shallow roots  Lichens, moss, grass, dwarf shrubs http://schmoker.org/TundraLife/Photos/Mos sCampion-cushions-6.jpg

36. TUNDRA—POLAR GRASSLANDS ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS  Migratory birds  Thick fur (snowy fox, oxen)  Feathers (snowy owl)  Burrowing (lemmings)  http://www.discovery.com/tv- shows/other- shows/videos/assignment- discovery-shorts-iii-biomes-tundra/ http://www.discovery.com/tv- shows/other- shows/videos/assignment- discovery-shorts-iii-biomes-tundra/ http://thetundrabiome01.weebly.com/uploads/1/8/5/ 1/18519458/288476185_orig.jpg

39. MOUNTAIN BIOMES  One-fourth of earth’s land surface  Dramatic changes in altitudes, climate, soil, vegetation over short distances  Steep slopes create soil erosion (landslides) or humans (timber cutting, agriculture)

40. ECOLOGICAL ROLES OF MOUNTAINS  Majority world’s forest (biodiversity habitat)  Sanctuaries for animal species  75% freshwater stored in glacial ice (most in mountain area)  Hydrologic cycle

45. PLANT ADAPTATIONS  Shape of trees shed snow  Waxy needles to reduce water loss http://cache4.asset- cache.net/gc/108730806-coniferous- trees-with-snow- gettyimages.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2& d=ceKD2LJv%2B89nRRmKG4p7F25lwYzld mzv8rVsukLv7yM%3D

46. ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS  Migratory birds  Hibernation  Thick coats http://oakdome.com/k5/lesson- plans/powerpoint/images/taiga-forest- ecosystems/3-taiga-forest-ecosystem.gif

49. PLANT ADAPTATIONS  Broadleaf evergreens to catch light through dense canopy  Climbing vines to reach sunlight http://www.apethana.com/gallery/data/m edia/4/Lianas%20in%20Interior%20of%20Low land%20Rainforest,%20La%20Selva%20Biolo gical%20Station,%20Costa%20Rica.jpg

50. ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS  Birds with beaks to eat fruits/nuts  Climbing animals to escape dense vegetation http://www.animalsinthetropicalrainforest.com/wp- content/uploads/2014/11/Animals-In-The-Tropical- Rainforest1-300x226.jpg

52. TROPICAL RAINFOREST  Nutrient-poor soil  Fast decomposition due to moist, warm climate with plenty of vegetation on forest flower  Fast uptake by dense vegetation creates the nutrient-poor soil

53. TROPICAL DRY RAINFOREST  Warm year round with wet/dry season  Lower tree heights; less dense

55. TEMPERATE RAINFOREST  Coastal areas with ample rainfall and moisture from dense ocean fog  Ocean moderates climate (mild winters and cool summers)  Coast of North America (Canada to Northern California)

57. TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST  Moderate average temperature with changing seasons  Long, warm summers and cold (not severe) winters  Abundant precipitation  Fertile soil—Slow decomposition with ample leaf litter builds up nutrients

58. ANIMAL ADAPTATIONS  Hibernation  Migratory birds  Camouflauge http://www.buzzle.com/img/articleImag es/335617-32323-1.jpg

60. DEGRADATION OF MOUNTAINS  Agriculture  Timber extraction  Increasing tourism  Urban air pollution  Increased UV due to ozone depletion  Soil damage from off road vehicles