1. direct broadcast satellite

2. Communications satellite Television
As television became the main market, its demand for simultaneous delivery of relatively few signals of large bandwidth to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of geosynchronous comsats. Two satellite types are used for North American television and radio: Direct broadcast satellite (DBS), and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS)

3. Communications satellite Television
A direct broadcast satellite is a communications satellite that transmits to small DBS satellite dishes (usually 18 to 24 inches or 45 to 60 cm in diameter). Direct broadcast satellites generally operate in the upper portion of the microwave Ku band. DBS technology is used for DTH-oriented (Direct-To-Home) satellite TV services, such as DirecTV and DISH Network in the United States, Bell TV and Shaw Direct in Canada, Freesat and Sky in the UK, Ireland, and New Zealand and DSTV in South Africa.

4. Digital rights management - DRM on purpose-built hardware
A common real-world example can be found in commercial direct broadcast satellite television systems such as DirecTV and Malaysia's Astro. The company uses tamper-resistant smart cards to store decryption keys so that they are hidden from the user and the satellite receiver. However, the system has been compromised in the past, and DirecTV has been forced to roll out periodic updates and replacements for its smart cards.

5. Federal Communications Commission - Bureaus
The Media Bureau (MB) develops, recommends and administers the policy and licensing programs relating to electronic media, including cable television, broadcast television, and radio in the United States and its territories. The Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service.

6. Modem - Radio modems
Direct broadcast satellite, WiFi, and mobile phones all use modems to communicate, as do most other wireless services today. Modern telecommunications and data networks also make extensive use of radio modems where long distance data links are required. Such systems are an important part of the PSTN, and are also in common use for high-speed computer network links to outlying areas where fibre is not economical.

7. RCA - Diversification
This lab developed many innovations, such as color television, the electron microscope, CMOS-based technology, heterojunction physics, optoelectronic emitting devices, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), videocassette recorders, direct broadcast television, direct broadcast satellite systems and high-definition television

8. HomePNA - Overview
This technology, which provides features such as guaranteed quality of service (QoS), is used by service providers for commercial "triple play" (video, voice and data) service offerings.[which?] HomePNA 3.1 uses frequencies above those used for Digital Subscriber Line and analog voice calls over phone wires and below those used for broadcast and direct broadcast satellite (DBS) TV over coax so it can coexist with those services on the same wires.

9. Multichannel video programming distributor
Section 602 (13) of The Communications Act of 1934 (as amended by the Telecommunications Act of 1996) defines an MVPD asa person such as, but not limited to, a cable operator, a multichannel multipoint distribution service, a direct broadcast satellite service, or a television receive-only satellite program distributor, who makes available for purchase, by subscribers or customers, multiple TV channel|channels of TV|video programming., Retrieved on

10. TiVo - History and development
The original TiVo DVR digitized and compressed analog video from any source (antenna, cable or direct broadcast satellite). TiVo also integrates its DVR service into the set-top boxes of satellite and cable providers. In late 2000, Philips Electronics introduced the DSR6000, the first DirecTV receiver with an integrated TiVo DVR. This new device, nicknamed the DirecTiVo, stored digital signals sent from DirecTV directly onto a hard disk.

11. High-definition television - Contemporary systems
High-definition image sources include Terrestrial television|terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, IPTV (including GoogleTV Roku boxes and AppleTV or built into Smart Televisions), Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray video disc (BD), and internet downloads.

12. High-definition television - Recording and compression
None of the direct broadcast satellite providers have offered this feature on any of their supported boxes, but some cable television|cable TV companies have

13. Disney Channel
'Disney Channel' (originally The Disney Channel from 1983 to 1997) is an American Cable television in the United States|basic cable and Direct broadcast satellite|satellite television channel that is owned by the Disney-ABC Television Group, a unit of the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company

14. PBS - PBS networks
Some or all are available on many digital cable systems, on free-to-air (FTA) TV via communications satellites, as well as via direct broadcast satellite

15. PBS Kids - History
The PBS Kids Channel ran for six years and was largely funded by El Segundo, California-based direct broadcast satellite|satellite provider DirecTV

16. Daystar Television Network - Availability
Daystar is available on terrestrial television|broadcast and cable television|cable television in the United States and worldwide on direct broadcast satellite systems such as DirecTV and Dish Network, and as an unencrypted Free to Air satellite channel

17. Disney Junior
'Disney Junior' is an American Cable television in the United States|digital cable and Direct broadcast satellite|satellite television network that is owned by the Disney Channel Worldwide|Disney Channels Worldwide unit of Disney-ABC Television Group, part of the Disney Media Networks division of the The Walt Disney Company

18. DirecTV
'DirecTV', LLC, is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider and broadcaster based in El Segundo, California. Its satellite service, launched on June 17, 1994, transmits digital satellite television and audio to households in the United States and Latin America. Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers. , DirecTV had 35.56million subscribers.

19. Eternal Word Television Network - Viewership statistics
EWTN is the largest religious media network in the world. As of February 2008, its programming reached more than 146 million homes in 127 countries and 16 territories on more than 5,200 Cable television|cable systems, wireless cable, direct broadcast satellite, Low-power broadcasting|low power television, and individual Satellite television|satellite users.

20. Wireless - Wireless services
*Satellite television: Is broadcast from satellites in geostationary orbit. Typical services use direct broadcast satellite to provide multiple television channels to viewers.

21. High-definition video - HD content
High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, high definition disc (Blu-ray Disc|BD), digital cameras, internet downloads and the latest generation of video game consoles.

22. Discovery.com - International
In a number of countries, Discovery's channels are available on Digital data|digital direct broadcast satellite|satellite platforms with multiple language soundtracks or subtitles including Spanish, German, Russian, Czech Language|Czech, Hindi, Tamil language|Tamil,Telugu language|Telugu,Bengali language|Bengali, Dutch language|Dutch, Portuguese, Italian, Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, Finnish, Turkish language|Turkish, Greek, Polish language|Polish, Hungarian, Romanian language|Romanian, Arabic language|Arabic, Slovene language|Slovene, Japanese, Korean and Serbian language|Serbian

23. Satellite TV - History
ATS-6, the world's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite, was launched in The first Soviet geostationary satellite to carry Direct-To-Home television, called Ekran, was launched in 1976.

24. Satellite TV - Categories of usage
Direct to the viewer reception includes direct broadcast satellite or DBS and television receive-only or TVRO, both used for homes and businesses including hotels, etc.

25. Satellite TV - Direct broadcast via satellite
Direct broadcast satellite, (DBS) also known as Direct-To-Home can either refer to the communications satellites themselves that deliver DBS service or the actual television service. DBS systems are commonly referred to as mini-dish systems. DBS uses the upper portion of the Ku band, as well as portions of the Ka band.

26. Satellite TV - Television receive-only
TVRO systems are designed to receive analog and digital Communications satellite|satellite feeds of both television or audio from both C-band and Ku-band transponders on Fixed Service Satellite|FSS-type satellites. The higher frequency Ku-band systems tend to be Direct Broadcast Satellite|Direct To Home systems and can use a smaller dish antenna because of the higher power transmissions and greater antenna gain.

27. Satellite TV - Direct to Home television
Many satellite TV customers in developed television markets get their programming through a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) provider

28. Tata Sky
'Tata Sky' is a direct broadcast satellite television provider in India, using MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 digital compression technology, transmitting using Indian National Satellite System#INSAT-4A|INSAT 4A satellite at 83.0°E. Incorporated in 2004, Tata Sky is a Joint venture between the TATA Group and 21st Century Fox

29. H.222 - Main characteristics
MPEG-2 is widely used as the format of digital television signals that are broadcast by terrestrial television|terrestrial (over-the-air), Cable television|cable, and direct broadcast satellite Television|TV systems

30. Indovision
'Indovision' is a subscription-based direct broadcast satellite (DBS) or direct-to-home satellite television and satellite radio|radio service initially in Indonesia. Indovision is currently owned by PT MNC Skyvision Tbk ().

31. Indovision - History
Indovision started its service with five-channel C-Band Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) analog service. Using Palapa C-2 satellite for its transponder and broadcasting system, the C-Band DBS service features programming from international suppliers, such as HBO Asia, Star TV, Discovery, as well as local programming. Following in 1997, IndoStar-1 which also known as Cakrawarta-1 satellite was launched.

32. Sky Deutschland
'Sky Deutschland AG', branded as 'Sky', is a Germany|German media company which operates a Direct Broadcast Satellite Pay TV platform in Germany, Austria and Switzerland (through Teleclub) offering a collection of basic and premium digital subscription television channels of different categories via Satellite and Cable Television.

33. Astro (Malaysian satellite television)
'Astro' is the brand name of the Malaysian direct broadcast satellite (DBS) Pay TV service. It transmits digital satellite television and satellite radio|radio to households in Malaysia Brunei. The name Astro is an acronym for All-Asian Satellite Television and Radio Operator.

34. Aora
'Aora' is an Indonesia|Indonesian direct broadcast satellite|direct broadcast satellite television|satellite pay television company that is operated by Karyamegah Adijaya|PT Karyamegah Adijaya and is owned by Rini M

35. Dish Home
'Dish Home' is only Direct broadcast satellite|DTH provider of Nepal operated by Dish Media Network Pvt. Ltd. Dish Home was formed on 2010 after the merger of two Direct broadcast satellite|DTH providers namely 'Home TV' and 'Dish Nepal'. By the end of first quarter 2013, Dish Home crosses 200,000 subscriber mark. As of December, 2013 Dish Home has total 71 television Channels and Services including some HD channels.

36. Dish Home
Its primary competitors are cable television and other Direct broadcast satellite|DTH service providers from India and China.

37. Multi-Choice TV (Barbados)
Multi-Choice TV also competes against the United States|US-based direct broadcast satellite (DBS) service provider DirecTV in Barbados.

38. Canal Digital
Canal Digital was started as a Direct Broadcast Satellite Television service to Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Finland, but has since expanded into Cable Television in Norway, Sweden and Denmark, Digital Terrestrial Television in Finland and IPTV in Sweden and Denmark. More than 2.9 million Nordic households and activities are subscribed to their services.

39. Dish Network - Founding and early growth
In 1987, EchoStar applied for a Direct-broadcast satellite|direct broadcast satellite broadcast license with the Federal Communications Commission and was granted access to orbital slot 119° west longitude in 1992.

40. Bezeq - Privatization
On May 9, 2005, Bezeq was officially privatized when 30% of its shares were sold by the state to the Apax Partners|Apax-Saban Capital Group|Saban-Arkin investment group for $972 Million. The cellular communications provider Pelephone is a fully owned subsidiary of Bezeq. Bezeq is also the largest shareholder in D.B.S. Satellite Services (1998) Ltd., known by its trademark name, Yes (Israel)|Yes, the satellite (Direct broadcast satellite|DBS) television provider in Israel.

41. SKY PerfecTV!
'SKY PerfecTV!' is a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) service that provides satellite television, audio programming, and interactive television services to households in Japan, owned by parent company SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation.

42. SKY PerfecTV!
SKY PerfecTV! e2 is also a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) service. While SKY PerfecTV! use DVB-S and DVB-S2(SKY PerfecTV! HD), SKY PerfecTV! e2 use ISDB|ISDB-S.

43. Shaw Communications - Other activities
Shaw is the parent of Shaw Broadcast Services (previously Shaw Satellite Services, Canadian Satellite Communications, or Cancom) and, through Shaw Broadcast Services, Shaw Direct, one of Canada's two national direct broadcast satellite providers

44. Shaw Direct
'Shaw Direct' is a direct broadcast satellite television distributor in Canada which is majority-owned by cable TV operator Shaw Communications Inc

45. Shaw Direct - Technical information
The standard 18 Direct broadcast satellite|DBS antennas used by other providers are not compatible with this system as the signals differ in both frequency and polarization

46. TelkomVision
'TelkomVision' is a subscription-based direct broadcast satellite (DBS), IPTV|protocol internet television (IPTV), and cable television provider service for Indonesia. It is a joint venture between Telkom Indonesia|Telkom Group and Trans Corp[ TelkomVision on Telkom 1 at 108.0°E Channel Number.]

47. Home Phoneline Networking Alliance - Overview
HomePNA 3.1 uses frequencies above those used for Digital Subscriber Line and analog voice calls over phone wires and below those used for broadcast and direct broadcast satellite (DBS) TV over coax, so it can coexist with those services on the same wires.

48. Home2US
'Home2US Communications, Inc.' is an open pay TV Direct broadcast satellite|DBS platform. They offer broadcasting services on the SES-1 satellite television|satellite (101st meridian west|101°W) for ethnic viewers in the United States.

49. Federal Communication Commission - Bureaus
* The 'Media Bureau' (MB) develops, recommends and administers the policy and licensing programs relating to electronic media, including cable television, broadcast television, and radio in the United States and its territories. The Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service.

50. PrimeStar
'PrimeStar' was a U.S. direct broadcast satellite broadcasting company formed in 1991 by a consortium of cable television system operators. PrimeStar was the first medium-powered DBS system in the United States but slowly declined in popularity with the arrival of DirecTV in 1994 and Dish Network in 1996.

51. PrimeStar - Technology
The company was in the process of converting to a high powered direct broadcast satellite|DBS platform when it was purchased and shut down by DirecTV. The Tempo-1 and Tempo-2 DBS satellites acquired by PrimeStar from the defunct ASkyB were renamed DirecTV-5 and DirecTV-6, respectively.

52. PrimeStar - History
The system initially launched using medium-powered FSS satellites that were facing obsolescence with the onset of high-powered Direct Broadcast Satellite|DBS and its much smaller, eighteen inch satellite dishes. In a move to convert the platform to DBS, PrimeStar bid for the 110-degree satellite location that was eventually awarded to a never-launched direct broadcast satellite service by MCI Inc.|MCI and News Corporation called ASkyB.

53. Reliance Digital TV
' Reliance Digital TV ' is one of the largest Indian pay TV providers, providing direct broadcast satellite service—including satellite television, audio programming, and interactive television services—to commercial and residential customers in India. It uses MPEG-4 digital compression technology,[ Why Reliance Digital TV - 6 reasons to love us] transmitted using MEASAT °East. It is the 5th DTH service launched in India.

54. Bell TV - 1990s: inception as ExpressVu
Tee-Comm on its own managed to launch the first Direct broadcast satellite|DBS service in Canada, AlphaStar, in early 1997; however, in a matter of months the company went bankrupt and the service was discontinued, leaving thousands of consumers with useless receivers (although with some reconfiguration, could be used to receive unencrypted Free-to-air|FTA channels)

55. Dialog TV
'Dialog TV (DTV)' is a direct broadcast satellite pay TV service provider based in Sri Lanka. A fully owned subsidiary of Dialog Axiata PLC, Dialog TV was launched in July 2005 under the name CBNsat. It was later renamed Dialog TV in February 2007 after the company was acquired by Dialog Axiata PLC.

56. 'Sun Direct' is an Indian direct broadcast satellite service provider

57. Broadcast television systems - Digital television systems
DVB-T was designed for format compatibility with existing direct broadcast satellite services in Europe (which use the DVB-S standard, and also sees some use in direct-to-home satellite dish providers in North America), and there is also a DVB-C version for cable television

58. Broadcast television systems - DVB
DVB-S is used in both MCPC and SCPC modes for broadcast network feed (telecom)|feeds, as well as for direct broadcast satellite services like Sky (UK and Ireland)|Sky and Freesat in the British Isles, Sky Deutschland and HD+ in Germany and Austria, TNT SAT/FRANSAT and CanalSat in France, Dish Network in the US, and Bell TV in Canada

59. Ku band - The Americas
The 12.2 to 12.7GHz (LOF GHz) segment is allocated to the BSS (broadcasting satellite service). BSS (DBS direct broadcast satellites) normally carry 16 to 32 transponders of 27Megahertz|MHz bandwidth running at 100 to 240 watts of power, allowing the use of receiver antennas as small as 18inches (450mm).

60. Ku band - Europe and Africa
Segments in those regions are represented by ITU Region 1 and they are, the to 11.7 and 12.5 to 12.75GHz bands are allocated to the FSS (fixed satellite service, uplink 14.0 to 14.5GHz). In Europe Ku band is used from 10.7 to 12.75GHz (LOF Low 9.750GHz, LOF High GHz) for direct broadcast satellite services such as those carried by the SES Astra|Astra satellites. The 11.7 to 12.5GHz segment is allocated to the BSS (broadcasting satellite service).

61. Ku band - Advantages
For Ku satellites in DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite) service ( GHz in the U.S.) dishes much smaller than 1-meter can be used because those satellites are spaced 9 degrees apart

62. MVDDS
This Terrestrial television|terrestrial based wireless transmission method reuses Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) frequencies for distribution of multichannel video and data over large distances.

63. Microwave antenna
The other large use of parabolic antennas is for radar antennas, in which there is a need to transmit a narrow beam of radio waves to locate objects like ships, airplanes, and guided missiles. With the advent of direct broadcast satellite|home satellite television receivers, parabolic antennas have become a common feature of the landscapes of modern countries.

64. Microwave antenna - Types
** 'Arrays of feeds'– In order to produce an arbitrary shaped beam, instead of one feed horn, an array of feed horns clustered around the focal point can be used. Array-fed antennas are often used on communication satellites, particularly direct broadcast satellites, to create a downlink radiation pattern to cover a particular continent or coverage area. They are often used with secondary reflector antennas such as the Cassegrain.

65. S band - Satellite communications
In some countries, S band is used for Direct broadcast satellite|Direct-to-Home satellite television (unlike similar services in most countries, which use Ku band|Ku band). The frequency typically allocated for this service is 2.5 to 2.7GHz (LOF 1.570GHz).

66. C band - The IEEE C-band
The C-band is primarily used for open satellite communications, whether for full-time satellite TV networks or raw satellite feeds, although subscription cable television|programming also exists. This use contrasts with direct broadcast satellite, which is a completely closed system used to deliver subscription programming to small satellite dishes that are connected with proprietary receiving equipment.

67. Multiplexed Analogue Components - History
MAC was originally developed by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) (dates unknown) in the UK for delivering high quality pictures via direct broadcast satellites that would be independent of European countries' choice of terrestrial colour-coding standard.

68. Chennai - Media
While the cable TV service is entirely controlled by the state government, direct–to–home (Direct broadcast satellite|DTH) is available via DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Tata Sky, Videocon DTH, Sun direct DTH, Reliance Big TV and Digital TV Chennai is the first city in India to have implemented the Conditional Access System for cable television

69. Chinasat
'Chinasat' is a family of communications satellites operated by the China Direct Broadcast Satellite Company. The series was previously operated by the China Satellite Communications Corporation, and before that the China Telecommunications Broadcast Satellite Corporation, which was owned by China's Ministry of Post and Telecommunications.

70. Sino Satellite Communications Company
The 'Sino Satellite Communications Company' or 'Sinosat' () was a Chinese limited company, which provided satellite communications through a pair of communications satellites in geostationary orbit. It ceased to exist in January 2008, when it merged with the China Satellite Communications Corporation to form the China Direct Broadcast Satellite Company. Their two satellites were, Sinosat-1 and Sinosat-3. A third satellite, Sinosat-2, failed shortly after launch.

71. Telecommunications Act of 1996 - Major provisions
'Title II', Broadcast Services: Outlines the granting and licensing of broadcast spectrum by the government, including a provision to issue licenses to current television stations to commence digital television broadcasting, the use of the revenues generated by such licensing, the terms of broadcast licenses, the process of renewing broadcast licenses, direct broadcast satellite services, automated ship distress and safety systems, and restrictions on over-the-air reception devices

72. Virtual channel - Europe, Africa and the Middle East
Virtual channels are also used on direct broadcast satellites, such as Dish Network, DirecTV, and SES Astra|Astra. Rather than a few dozen channels with a few subchannels each, these services map to a range of hundreds of individually numbered channels. This is true of digital cable and satellite radio services, as well.

73. Carriage dispute
A 'carriage dispute' is a disagreement over the right to carry, that is, retransmit, a broadcasting|broadcaster's signal. Carriage disputes first occurred between broadcasters and cable television|cable companies and now include direct broadcast satellite and other multichannel video programming distributors.

74. CP24
'CablePulse 24 (CP24)' is a Canada|Canadian English language Category A services|Category A specialty channel|specialty cable television|cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the Bell Media subsidiary of BCE, Inc. Based in Toronto, the channel focuses on local news from the Greater Toronto Area and Southern Ontario, although it also covers national and international news. It is distributed through cable in Southern Ontario and direct broadcast satellite nationally.

75. CP24 - Carriage and expansion plans
CP24 is seen on cable channel 24 on most cable providers that carry the channel. It is not carried on any analogue cable system outside of Central or Southern Ontario, although it is available on direct broadcast satellite and Internet protocol television|IPTV television providers in some markets. The channel is available across Canada on Bell TV, on which the station is part of the service's News package. It is also available in the FYI package provided to Shaw Direct customers.

76. Ici ARTV - Distribution
In regard to Direct broadcast satellite|satellite providers, Ici ARTV must be offered in a package that contains the greatest number of French language services.

77. Nickelodeon
'Nickelodeon' (often shortened to 'Nick', and originally called 'Pinwheel') is an American Cable television in the United States|basic cable and Direct broadcast satellite|satellite television network that is owned by the Viacom Media Networks#Cable channels owned by Viacom Media Networks|MTV Networks Kids Family Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom

78. Dolby - Audio encoding/compression
It has been adopted in many broadcast formats including all ATSC|North American digital television (ATSC), DVB-T, direct broadcast satellite, cable television, DTMB, IPTV, and surround sound radio services

79. In-flight entertainment - Personal televisions
Some show direct broadcast satellite|direct broadcast satellite television which enables passengers to view live TV broadcasts

80. Satellite dish - Principle of operation
Direct broadcast satellite dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB

81. Satellite dish - Principle of operation
Prior to the existence of direct broadcast satellite services, home users would generally have a motorised C-band dish of up to 3 metres in diameter for reception of channels from different satellites

82. Television in the United States - Television channels and networks
In the United States, television is available via terrestrial television|broadcast (over-the-air), unencrypted satellite (free-to-air), direct broadcast satellite, cable television and IPTV (internet protocol television). There are also competing video services on the Internet|world wide web.

83. Television in the United States - Television channels and networks
Over-the-air and free-to-air television do not necessitate any monthly payments, while cable, direct broadcast satellite and IPTV services require monthly payments that vary depending on the number of channels that a subscriber chooses to pay for in a particular package. Channels are usually sold in groups, rather than singularly.

84. Television in the United States - Cable and satellite television
Eventually, the industry began to cater to individuals who wanted to continue to receive satellite television (and were willing to pay for it) in two ways: by authorizing the descrambling of the original satellite feeds to the cable television operators and with new direct broadcast satellite television services using their own satellites

85. Simsubbed
Retrieved on March 7, 2009.) is a practice mandated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) requiring Canadian cable TV, direct broadcast satellite (DBS), IPTV, and Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service|MMDS television distribution companies to distribute the signal (electronics)|signal of a local or regional terrestrial television|over-the-air station in place of the signal of a foreign or nonlocal television station, when the two stations are broadcasting identical programming simultaneously.

86. MTV2 - Prior to 2011
4, 2007] but currently the block is shown on late Saturday evenings starting at 10:00 p.m.[ MTV2 Weekly Schedule] However, MTV2 viewers residing on the West Coast of the United States|West Coast and receiving the channel through direct broadcast satellite|satellite will see this block during the primetime hours, as satellite providers will most likely carry the MTV2 feed from the Eastern Time Zone, in which MTV2 bases its scheduled times for its programming.

87. Independent Television Commission - The ITC's co-regulators and origins
Historically, all of independent television (from 22 September 1955) and radio (from 8 October 1973) was governed by the IBA (Independent Broadcasting Authority) – joined by the Cable Authority in On 1 July 1985, the Home Secretary asked the IBA to review prospects for commercial Direct broadcast satellite|DBS.

88. Low-noise block downconverter - Polarization
Throughout the World, most satellite TV transmissions use vertical and horizontal linear polarization but in North America, Direct broadcast satellite|DBS transmissions use left and right hand circular polarization. Within the waveguide of a North American DBS LNB a slab of dielectric material is used to convert left and right circular polarized signals to vertical and horizontal linear polarized signals so the converted signals can be treated the same.

89. Low-noise block downconverter - North America DBS LNB
Here is an example of an LNB used for Direct broadcast satellite|DBS:

90. KCBS-TV
In the few areas of the western United States where a CBS station is not receivable Terrestrial television|over-the-air, KCBS-TV is available on direct broadcast satellite|satellite television through DirecTV.

91. EchoStar Communications Corporation - History
EchoStar was originally formed in 1980 by its Chairman of the board|chairman Charles Ergen as a distributor of C band TV systems. In 1987, EchoStar applied for a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) license with the Federal Communications Commission and was granted access to orbital slot 119° west longitude in 1992.

92. NBCSN - As the Outdoor Life Network
The channel originally launched as the 'Outdoor Life Network' (or OLN) on July 1, 1995; the name was licensed from Outdoor Life magazine. Its programming consisted of hunting, fishing, and outdoor adventure shows. In its early days, the channel reached around one million homes and found most of its carriage via the then-infant platforms of direct broadcast satellite services and digital cable.

93. PEO TV
PEO TV currently has over 90,000 subscribers. Its main competitors in the pay TV market in Sri Lanka are Lanka Broadband Networks (LBN) providing cable television services in Analog television|analog and DVB-C in selected areas in Sri Lanka and Dialog TV, which is an direct broadcast satellite platform operated by Dialog Axiata|Dialog Axiata PLC.

94. Commsat - Television
As television became the main market, its demand for simultaneous delivery of relatively few signals of large Bandwidth (signal processing)|bandwidth to many receivers being a more precise match for the capabilities of Geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous comsats. Two satellite types are used for North American television and radio: Direct broadcast satellite (DBS), and Fixed Service Satellite (FSS).

95. Commsat - Television
Direct broadcast satellites generally operate in the upper portion of the microwave Ku band|Ku band

96. Direct to home - Commercial services
In 1996, EchoStar Communications Corporation|EchoStar's Dish Network went online in the United States and, as DirecTV's primary competitor, achieved similar success. AlphaStar also started but soon went under. Astro (satellite television)|Astro was also started, using a direct broadcast satellite system.

97. MVDDS dispute
The dispute later transformed into several court cases against the FCC and Direct broadcast satellite|satellite television providers, as well as a patent infringement case against MDS America and MDS International

98. OrangeTV
'OrangeTV' is a subscription-based direct broadcast satellite (DBS) or direct-to-home satellite television and radio service initially in Indonesia operated by PT Mega Media Indonesia, subsidiary of the Sinar Mas Group. Its transmission system is DTH (Direct to Home) in Ku Band, and the channels are encrypted by Irdeto system.

99. RCA (trademark) - Current users
* 'RCA Audio/Video' - Manufactured by Audiovox, produces RCA DVD players, video cassette recorders, direct broadcast satellite decoders, camcorders, and audio equipment. (link on Audiovox website)

100. Cable channel
Such channels are usually also available via satellite television, including direct broadcast satellite providers such as DirecTV, Dish Network and BSkyB, as well as via IPTV

101. BBC America
'BBC America' is a digital cable and Direct broadcast satellite|satellite television network in the United States which is a wholly owned commercial subsidiary of the British public service broadcaster, the BBC.

102. Satellite broadcasting - Technology
Direct broadcast satellite dishes are fitted with an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB.

103. Satellite broadcasting - Categories of usage
Direct to the viewer reception includes direct broadcast satellite (or DBS) and television receive-only (or TVRO), both used for homes and businesses including hotels, among other properties.

104. Satellite broadcasting - Direct broadcast via satellite
Direct broadcast satellite, (DBS) also known as Direct-To-Home can either refer to the communications satellites themselves that deliver DBS service or the actual television service. Most satellite television customers in developed television markets get their programming through a direct broadcast satellite provider. Signals are transmitted using Ku band and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.

105. Satellite broadcasting - Early milestones
ATS-6, the world's first experimental educational and Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), was launched on 30 May 1974

106. Satellite broadcasting - TVRO/C-band satellite era, 1980-86
The Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Association SBCA was founded on December 2, 1986 as the result of a merger between SPACE and the Direct Broadcast Satellite Association (DBSA).

107. Satellite broadcasting - Late 1980s and 1990s to present
The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder, British Satellite Broadcasting, to the market.

108. Satellite broadcasting - Late 1980s and 1990s to present
In addition to encryption, the widespread availability, in the US, of Direct broadcast satellite|DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s

109. List of broadcast satellites
These satellites are commonly used for communications satellite|communication purposes, such as radio and television networks, backhaul (broadcasting)|backhaul, and Direct broadcast satellite|direct broadcast

110. Eutelsat 16B
Nilesat used the satellite, alongside Nilesat 101 and Nilesat 102 which were located in the same orbital slot, to provide Direct Broadcast Satellite|direct-to-home digital TV channels, data transmission, turbo internet and multicasting applications to more than 15 million viewers in the North African and Middle East region.

111. LPTV - Must-carry
One of the key distinctions between full-service television stations and low-power stations is cable television and direct broadcast satellite (DBS) carriage. Full-service stations are guaranteed carriage in their local media market|television market through must-carry whereas LPTV stations are not. In 2008, there was an effort put forward by FCC chairman Kevin Martin to grant must-carry rights to Class A LPTV stations. The effort failed due to a lack of support from the other FCC Commissioners.

112. Datacasting
It generally does not apply to data which is inherent to the medium, such as PSIP data which defines virtual channels for DTV or direct broadcast satellite systems; or to things like cable modem or satellite modem, which use a completely separate channel for data.

113. Death Star - Nickname
In Canada, the term death stars was used to describe U.S. Direct Broadcast Satellites capable of broadcasting signals into Canada that were not regulated by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.

114. Columbus, Georgia - Media and communications
Columbus is served by the Template:Columbus GA TV|Columbus, Georgia Designated Market Area media market|(DMA). Charter Communications, Comcast, Knology, and Mediacom provide cable television service. DirecTV and Dish Network provide direct broadcast satellite television including both local and national channels to area residents.

115. Space industry - Segments and revenues
The ground equipment sector is composed of manufacturing items like mobile terminals, gateways, control stations, Very small aperture terminal|VSATs, direct broadcast satellite dishes, and other specialized equipment

116. Broadcast media - History
Satellite broadcasting was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellites) emerging in the 1980s.

117. RFD-TV
'RFD-TV' is an United States|American digital cable and direct broadcast satellite|satellite television channel that is owned by Rural Media Group

118. Television encryption - Digital cable and satellite television encryption
In the US, both DirecTV and Dish Network direct broadcast satellite systems use digital encryption standards for controlling access to programming

119. Montgomery, Alabama - Media
DirecTV and Dish Network provide direct broadcast satellite television including both local and national channels to area residents.

120. DVB-S
It is used via satellites serving every continent of the world. DVB-S is used in both Multiplexing#Digital_broadcasting|Multiple Channel Per Carrier (MCPC) and Single channel per carrier modes for Broadcast Network feeds as well as for Direct Broadcast Satellite services like Sky (UK Ireland) via Astra (satellite)|Astra in Europe, Dish Network and Globecast in the U.S. and Bell TV in Canada.

121. Hughes Aircraft - Hughes Electronics Corporation
In 1994 in aviation|1994 Hughes Electronics introduced DirecTV, the world's first high-powered Direct broadcast satellite|DBS service

122. SportsNet New York
It is carried in the New York metropolitan area and all of New York|New York state on cable television, and nationwide via Direct broadcast satellite|satellite

123. Radio Corporation of America - Diversification
This lab developed many innovations, such as color television, the electron microscope, CMOS-based technology, heterojunction physics, Light-emitting diode#Discoveries and early devices|optoelectronic emitting devices, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), videocassette recorders, Direct-broadcast satellite|direct broadcast television, direct broadcast satellite systems and high-definition television

124. Backhaul (broadcasting)
The small dishes may either be fixed (much like direct broadcast satellite|DBS antennas), positioned using a electric motor|rotor (usually DiSEqC-standard) or may be toroidal in design (twin toroidal Reflector (antenna)|reflectors focus the incoming signal as a line, not a point, so that multiple Low-noise block converter|LNBs may receive signal from multiple satellites)

125. ABC Family - ABC Spark
On October 26, 2011, The Walt Disney Company and Toronto-based media company Corus Entertainment entered into a partnership to launch a Canadian version of ABC Family under the name 'ABC Spark', which launched on March 23, 2012.The Futon Critic [ New Millennial Focused Channel, ABC Spark, to Launch in Canada] ABC Spark The channel, which is licensed by the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission as a Category B services|Category B specialty channel (which under CRTC rules, allows Canadian digital cable and direct broadcast satellite providers to optionally choose to carry the channel), is aimed at teenagers and young adults between 15- and 34-years-old.[ ABC Spark launches in Canada], October 26, 2011

126. Style Network
'Esquire Network' (also abbreviated 'EsqTV') is an United States|American digital cable and Direct broadcast satellite|satellite television network that is owned as a joint venture between NBCUniversal and Hearst Corporation (both owning 50%). The network airs programs aimed at a metrosexual audience centering on travel, cooking and fashion as well as non-sports related male programming.

127. Great American Country
'Great American Country' (or 'GAC') is an United States|American digital cable and Direct broadcast satellite|satellite television network that is owned by Scripps Networks Interactive. Based in Knoxville, Tennessee|Knoxville, Tennessee, the channel features country music programming including music videos, music performance specials and live concerts, along with country lifestyle entertainment and original lifestyle programming.

128. DC offset - Remote power
On modern satellite dishes, used for direct broadcast satellite|direct-broadcast satellite TV, a DC bias is used to provide electrical power to the feedhorn. Changing the bias between approximately 12 and 18 volts also allows selection of the correct Polarization (waves)|polarization (horizontal and vertical on older systems, clockwise and counterclockwise on newer circular polarization systems).

129. Viasat
'Viasat' is a Direct Broadcast Satellite Television Broadcasting|Broadcaster and Pay TV Operator, owned by the Swedish media conglomerate Modern Times Group (MTG). Broadcasting from London, the target markets are in the Nordic countries|Nordic and the Baltic state|Baltic Countries. Their lineup can be received from the SES Astra|Astra 4A satellite at 4.8°E with any DVB-S receiver equipped with a NDS Group|NDS VideoGuard descrambling module.

130. Viasat
Viasat’s main competitor on Direct Broadcast Satellite distribution in the Nordic countries is Canal Digital.

131. Coupon-eligible converter box - Disqualifying features
Some features disqualified a converter box from coupon eligibility, such as High-definition television|high-definition video output and built-in digital video recorder|DVR functionality. Digital cable and direct broadcast satellite|satellite set-top boxes that incorporate a digital tuner were also disqualified.

132. 1994 NFL season
The league also signed an exclusivity agreement with the direct broadcast satellite (DBS) service DirecTV to launch NFL Sunday Ticket, a satellite television subscription service that offers every regular season NFL game

133. Fixed Service Satellite
This role has been largely supplanted by direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television systems, which began in 1994 with the launch of Primstar, the first DBS television system

134. Comcast SportsNet Philadelphia - Satellite carriage controversy
Since CSN Philadelphia did not uplink its signal to any satellite, Comcast was able to avoid an Federal Communications Commission|FCC regulation that requires most television channels to be offered to direct broadcast satellite (DBS) companies (known as the terrestrial loophole)

135. Emergency Alert System
DirecTV, Dish Network, and all other Direct Broadcast Satellite|DBS providers have been required to participate since May 31, 2007.

136. Nickelodeon Productions
'Nickelodeon' (often shortened to 'Nick', and originally called 'Pinwheel') is an United States|American Cable television in the United States|basic cable and Direct broadcast satellite|satellite television network that is owned by the Viacom Media Networks#Cable channels owned by Viacom Media Networks|MTV Networks Kids Family Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom

137. Ku-band - The Americas
The 12.2 to 12.7GHz (LOF to GHz) segment is allocated to the BSS (broadcasting satellite service). BSS (DBS direct broadcast satellites) normally carry 16 to 32 transponders of 27Megahertz|MHz bandwidth running at 100 to 240 watts of power, allowing the use of receiver antennas as small as 18inches (450mm).

138. Direct-broadcast satellite television - History
The launch of Astra beat the winner of the UK's state Direct Broadcast Satellite licence holder, British Satellite Broadcasting, to the market.

139. Direct-broadcast satellite television - History
In addition to encryption, the widespread availability, in the US, of Direct broadcast satellite|DBS services such as PrimeStar and DirecTV had been reducing the popularity of TVRO systems since the early 1990s

140. Direct-broadcast satellite television - History
On 29 November 1999 US President William J. Clinton passed the Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act (SHVIA). The act allowed Americans to receive local broadcast signals via direct broadcast satellite systems for the first time.

141. Dennis R. Patrick
Among the issues and reforms engaged were broadcast and cable deregulation, relaxation of rules governing television program ownership and syndication rights, the introduction of Direct Broadcast Satellite competition and broad telecommunications, deregulation

142. Broadcasting Satellite (Japanese)
'Yuri', also known as 'Broadcasting Satellite' or 'BS', was a series of Japanese direct broadcast satellites.

143. AMC-4
AMC-4's Ku-band Transponder (Satellite communications)|transponders served the Direct broadcast satellite|direct-to-home, VSAT, business television and broadband Internet market segments

144. History of smart antennas - Adaptive antenna arrays
A 1977 paper by Bell Labs researchers Douglas O. Reudink and Yu S. Yeh described the advantages of scanning spot beams for satellites. The authors estimated that scanning spot beams could save 20 dB in link budget which in turn could be used to reduce transmit power, increase communication capacity, and decrease the size of earth-station antennas. Satellite spot beams are used today by direct broadcast satellite systems such as DirecTV and Dish Network.

145. Guide Plus - Digital television
While the TV Guide service also requires software installed in a television set or other device, and licensing fees or royalties must be paid to Rovi, it also offers a more complete solution for broadcast television, more like direct broadcast satellite|digital satellite or digital cable.

146. West Bank - Radio and television
Israel's cable television company Hot (Israel)|HOT, satellite television provider (Direct broadcast satellite|DBS) Yes (Israel)|Yes, AM and FM radio broadcast stations and public television broadcast stations all operate

147. Digital Satellite Service
Only when digital transmission was introduced did direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television become popular in North America, which has led to both DBS and DSS being used interchangeably to refer to all three commonplace digital transmission formats - DSS, DVB-S and 4DTV

148. HEMT - Applications
HEMTs are found in many types of equipment ranging from cellphones and Direct broadcast satellite|DBS receivers to electronic warfare systems such as radar and for radio astronomy.

149. Pirate decryption - Technical issues
Direct broadcast satellites and digital cable services, because of their digital format, are free to use more robust security measures such as the Data Encryption Standard (DES) or the RSA (algorithm)|RSA and International Data Encryption Algorithm|IDEA digital encryption standards. When first introduced, digital Direct broadcast satellite|DBS broadcasts were touted as being secure enough to put an end to piracy once and for all. Often these claims would be made in press releases.

150. Pirate decryption - Political issues
In some countries such as Canada and many Caribbean nations (except for the Dominican Republic), the black market in satellite TV piracy is closely tied to the gray market activity of using direct broadcast satellite signals to watch broadcasts intended for one country in some other, adjacent country. Many smaller countries have no domestic DBS operations and therefore few or no legal restrictions on the use of decoders which capture foreign signals.

151. DigiCipher 2
The original attempt for a North American digital signal encryption and compression standard was DigiCipher 1, which was used most notably in the now-defunct PrimeStar medium-power direct broadcast satellite (DBS) system during the early 1990s. The DCII standard predates wide acceptance of Digital Video Broadcasting|DVB-based digital terrestrial television compression (although not cable or satellite DVB) and therefore is incompatible with the DVB standard.

152. Diplexer - Residential
Diplexers are also used in the home to allow a direct broadcast satellite|direct broadcast Satellite television|satellite TV satellite dish|dish antenna and a terrestrial TV antenna (local broadcast channels) to share one coaxial cable

153. Must-carry - Other networks
A variation of must-carry also applies to Direct broadcast satellite|DBS services like DirecTV and Dish Network, as first mandated by the Satellite Home Viewer Act of 1988

154. Astro (satellite television)
Measat Broadcast Network System or 'Astro' is a Malaysian direct broadcast satellite (DBS) Pay TV service, a subsidiary of Astro Malaysia Holdings Berhad. It transmits digital satellite television and satellite radio|radio to households in Malaysia and Brunei. Astro is an acronym for All-Asian Satellite Television and Radio Operator.

155. Satellite dishes - Principle of operation
Direct broadcast satellite dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the feedhorn with the LNB

156. For More Information, Visit:
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