1. British empire

2. The first half of Queen Victoria’s reign – the British Empire grew by 100,000 square miles a year
The enlargement process was unsustainable
It was acquired by conquest, settlement, part of dowry, purchased, held on licence (Cyprus)
The Empire had no coherence: Englishmen carried their law to settler colonies but Roman –Dutch law was retained in the Cape, Ceylon and British Guiana, varieties of French law prevailed in Lower Canada, Mauritius and the Seychelles, Trinidad had Spanish Law
There was no judicial impartiality

3. Local administrations were as eccentric as local proconsuls
Canada, Australia and New Zealand ran their own affairs
The East India Company ruled the subcontinent and held the economic sway between Cape Town and Cape Horn
The Mediterranean Sea was a British lake
The Empire acknowledged the supremacy of the British Crown in the Westminster parliament

4. Its purpose was to promote the nation’s real interest
Since the time of American and French revolutions Britain had seen the Cape of Good Hope as the barbican of Africa
Seized from the Dutch during the Napoleonic wars, it was retained in 1815 as strategic and commercial stronghold
1820 – 5000 settlers –they believed in the white supremacy
They relied on the Bible and the rifle

5. They permitted an influx of missionaries and promoted humanitarian ideals
They rejected the Dutch criminal law. Made English the official language and gave limited rights to Africans
Since 1857 the British in India in order to maintain stability felt obliged to rule an oriental despotism by the sword
Generally the British did not look for increased direct imperial authority, yet the last 40 years of the 19th century saw the annexation of vast areas of land in Africa, the Far East and the Pacific

6. 1851 Britain was the world’s trader with an overwhelming dominance of world shipping which continued even when Britain’s dominance in manufactured goods was declining after 1870
India – the chief jewel of the Crown was no longer so profitable
Following the Indian Mutiny, the territory came under direct British administration
1876 Queen Victoria – Empress of India

7. To safeguard India and the route to this subcontinent, various annexations were made: Burma, Malaya
Egypt and Sudan came under British control
Britain defended the Turkish integrity especially against Russia
Turkey disintegrated, Egypt became more self-reliant
Building the Canal helped Egypt reach the point of bankruptcy and a military coup was attempted

8. Suez Canal

12. Gladstone invaded and occupied Egypt on behalf of the Canal’s creditors and the British remained until 1954
Formal annexation of rebellious Sudan followed in a series of campaigns in 1880s and 1890s
Thus the Turkish decay drew Britain into becoming the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean and in North Eastern Africa
The Boer War was very expensive, costing Britain more than any other imperial exploits in the 19th century

13. Boer War
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