1. How a Society is Governed Externalized vs. Internalized Controls Internalized Controls cultural control  Self-imposed by individuals.  Rely on such deterrents as shame, fear of divine punishment, and magical retaliation.  Although bands and tribes rely heavily upon them, they are generally insufficient by themselves. Externalized Controls social control and sanctions Positive sanctions reward appropriate behavior. Negative sanctions punish behavior.

2. How a Society is Governed Formal Sanctions  Formal Sanctions are the enforceable rules of a society.  Formal sanctions may involve some form of regulated combat, seen here as armed dancers near Mount Hagen in New Guinea demand redress for murder.

3. How a Society is Governed Law an external control Allocates authority to employ coercion to enforce sanctions. Redefines social relations and aids its own efficient operation by ensuring it allows change.

4. Settling Disputes Example: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/countries- places/sudan/sudan_overview.htmlhttp://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/countries- places/sudan/sudan_overview.html Darfur (part of Sudan) A dispute may be settled in two ways: 1.Negotiation - the parties to the dispute reach an agreement with or without the help of a third party. 2. Adjudication - An authorized third party issues a binding decision.

5. Song Duels Having a song duel is the traditional approach to dispute resolution among the Inuit of northern Canada. Trial by Ordeal Togo, West Africa: trial to determine a yam thief http://video.nationalgeographic.com/vid eo/player/places/countries- places/togo/togo_trialbyoil.html http://video.nationalgeographic.com/vid eo/player/places/countries- places/togo/togo_trialbyoil.html Similar to Kpelle of Liberia and their “trial by knife” (p. 287 in your book). Settling Disputes Ethnographic Examples

6. Child Soldiers  Today, there are more than 250,000 child soldiers, many as young as 12 years old. Among them are these boys training to be guerrillas in Sahel, Eritrea.  Emmanual Jal (Child soldier in Sudan): ◦ http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/countries- places/sudan/sudan_thewarchild.html http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/countries- places/sudan/sudan_thewarchild.html More on the Civil War in the Darfur area of Sudan…

7. Warfare in Multinational States Example: http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/countries- places/sudan/sudan_overview.htmlhttp://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/player/places/countries- places/sudan/sudan_overview.html Darfur (part of Sudan)