1. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics1 “Non-Democratic” Systems: Authoritarian, Totalitarian, etc. Frank H. Brooks

2. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics2 Focus of Analysis Non-Democratic Systems Non-Democratic Systems Defined by what they are not Defined by what they are not Democracy as ideal, typical, goal? Democracy as ideal, typical, goal? Authoritarian v. Totalitarian Authoritarian v. Totalitarian Typology focused on ideology, leadership, etc. (techniques of rule) Typology focused on ideology, leadership, etc. (techniques of rule) Rooted in 20 th century, especially Cold War Rooted in 20 th century, especially Cold War Refinements in typologies Refinements in typologies Transitions to democracy or from authoritarianism Transitions to democracy or from authoritarianism Democratization and “Third Wave” of democracy Democratization and “Third Wave” of democracy Look at paths (obstacles, constraints, preconditions) Look at paths (obstacles, constraints, preconditions) Gray areas: hybrid regimes, electoral authoritarian systems Gray areas: hybrid regimes, electoral authoritarian systems Sources of Authoritarianism Sources of Authoritarianism Why do countries become (or persist as) authoritarian? Why do countries become (or persist as) authoritarian? Converse: what are possibilities for shedding non-democratic systems? Converse: what are possibilities for shedding non-democratic systems?

3. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics3 Theoretical Questions Contrasting democracy and authoritarian systems Contrasting democracy and authoritarian systems If democracy is “better” than authoritarianism, why are there so many more non-democratic systems? If democracy is “better” than authoritarianism, why are there so many more non-democratic systems? Why do non-democratic systems persist (and re-emerge)? Why do non-democratic systems persist (and re-emerge)? Which needs the most explanation? Which needs the most explanation? Democracy: relatively uncommon; how has it emerged? Democracy: relatively uncommon; how has it emerged? Authoritarian systems: the majority; how do they actually rule? Authoritarian systems: the majority; how do they actually rule? Aristotle v. Machiavelli Aristotle v. Machiavelli Aristotle: tyranny is a deviant system Aristotle: tyranny is a deviant system Machiavelli: authority and control are essential (but rulers cannot ignore the wishes of the ruled) Machiavelli: authority and control are essential (but rulers cannot ignore the wishes of the ruled)

4. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics4 Authoritarianism Authoritarianism defined Authoritarianism defined “political regime in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public” (O’Neill, pp. 110-111) “political regime in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public” (O’Neill, pp. 110-111) Characteristics of rule Characteristics of rule Emphasis on control Emphasis on control Not necessarily arbitrary or unlimited Not necessarily arbitrary or unlimited Ideology may be used Ideology may be used Practically, much variation in techniques, relations to society, etc. Practically, much variation in techniques, relations to society, etc.

5. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics5 Totalitarianism Totalitarianism defined Totalitarianism defined “a highly centralized regime that possesses some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy” (O’Neill, p. 112) “a highly centralized regime that possesses some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy” (O’Neill, p. 112) Characteristics (differences from authoritarianism) Characteristics (differences from authoritarianism) Ideology central to rule (legitimacy, control) Ideology central to rule (legitimacy, control) No pluralism; recruitment central No pluralism; recruitment central Genetic tendency towards violence and terror Genetic tendency towards violence and terror How useful a concept? How useful a concept? Was politicized during Cold War Was politicized during Cold War Few examples now (e.g. North Korea) Few examples now (e.g. North Korea) Significant as “heritage,” e.g. for “post-totalitarian regimes” Significant as “heritage,” e.g. for “post-totalitarian regimes”

6. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics6 New (and Old) Types Linz & Stepan Linz & Stepan Democracies still a relatively small group Democracies still a relatively small group Number of totalitarian systems in decline Number of totalitarian systems in decline Most systems fall by default into “authoritarian” category Most systems fall by default into “authoritarian” category Need to elaborate further types Need to elaborate further types Post-Totalitarianism Post-Totalitarianism Was totalitarian; not (yet) democratic Was totalitarian; not (yet) democratic Regime shaped by totalitarian past (path-dependent analysis) Regime shaped by totalitarian past (path-dependent analysis) “Early,” “frozen” and “mature” “Early,” “frozen” and “mature” “Sultanism” “Sultanism” Highly personalized rule (extreme patrimonialism) Highly personalized rule (extreme patrimonialism) Private and public fused Private and public fused Ideology idiosyncratic if present Ideology idiosyncratic if present Examples: Haiti under Duvaliers, Romania under Ceaucescu Examples: Haiti under Duvaliers, Romania under Ceaucescu

7. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics7 Types of Authoritarian Rule I Personal rule Personal rule Charismatic or traditional authority Charismatic or traditional authority Patrimonialism (sultanism as extreme) Patrimonialism (sultanism as extreme) Examples: Mobutu, King Fahd, Shah Reza Pahlavi Examples: Mobutu, King Fahd, Shah Reza Pahlavi Military rule Military rule Typically overthrows popular rule Typically overthrows popular rule Restricts political and civil activity Restricts political and civil activity “Bureaucratic authoritarianism” “Bureaucratic authoritarianism” Examples: Pinochet, Thai coup Examples: Pinochet, Thai coup

8. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics8 Types of Authoritarian Rule II One-party rule One-party rule Focus on popular mobilization; cells Focus on popular mobilization; cells Examples: PRI in Mexico prior to 2000, ZANU-PF in Zimbabwe Examples: PRI in Mexico prior to 2000, ZANU-PF in Zimbabwe Theocracy Theocracy Fusion of religious and political authority Fusion of religious and political authority Sacred texts are source of legitimacy Sacred texts are source of legitimacy Best example is Islamic Republic of Iran Best example is Islamic Republic of Iran illiberal regimes illiberal regimes Have elections, parties, etc. Have elections, parties, etc. but key political and civil rights missing, compromised, or not institutionalized but key political and civil rights missing, compromised, or not institutionalized Diamond: not liberal democracies Diamond: not liberal democracies

9. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics9 Sources of Non-democratic Rule Economic Economic Poverty (wealth and significant middle class undermine authoritarian rule) Poverty (wealth and significant middle class undermine authoritarian rule) Economic crisis Economic crisis Societal Societal Political culture (roots in society and family structure) Political culture (roots in society and family structure) Religion, culture, civilization Religion, culture, civilization Leadership Leadership Economic and societal are “institutional” Economic and societal are “institutional” May describe “preconditions” for such rule May describe “preconditions” for such rule Leaders may be “intervening variables” Leaders may be “intervening variables” Consider also international context Consider also international context External pressures for military rule (perceived? Created?) External pressures for military rule (perceived? Created?) External support for non-democratic rule External support for non-democratic rule

10. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics10 Techniques of Authoritarian Rule Coercion and violence Coercion and violence Terror, purges, secret jails Terror, purges, secret jails Surveillance Surveillance KGB, Stasi, Savak KGB, Stasi, Savak Co-optation Co-optation Corporatism Corporatism Clientelism Clientelism Personality cults Personality cults

11. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics11 Cult of Personality

12. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics12 Diamond’s “Hybrid Regimes” Two forms of democracy Two forms of democracy Liberal democracy Liberal democracy Electoral democracy Electoral democracy One unambiguous authoritarian regime: “politically closed authoritarian” One unambiguous authoritarian regime: “politically closed authoritarian” Three hybrids Three hybrids Electoral authoritarian Electoral authoritarian Hegemonic electoral authoritarian Hegemonic electoral authoritarian Ambiguous Ambiguous Measured basically by Freedom House scores Measured basically by Freedom House scoresFreedom House scoresFreedom House scores Measure civil liberties and political rights Measure civil liberties and political rights F.H. distinguishes between “free,” “partly free” and “not free” F.H. distinguishes between “free,” “partly free” and “not free” “free” = liberal democracy “free” = liberal democracy “partly free” = electoral democracy, ambiguous “partly free” = electoral democracy, ambiguous “not free” – all others (Diamond has more distinctions) “not free” – all others (Diamond has more distinctions)

13. September 12, 2015September 12, 2015September 12, 2015Comparative Politics13 Islam and Authoritarian Rule Few “Islamic countries” (especially in Middle East) are democracies Few “Islamic countries” (especially in Middle East) are democracies Several monarchies and a theocracy Several monarchies and a theocracy One-party rule is common One-party rule is common Exceptions: Turkey, Indonesia, Pakistan (sometimes) Exceptions: Turkey, Indonesia, Pakistan (sometimes) Culturalist explanations: Culturalist explanations: Islam more authoritarian Islam more authoritarian Islamic countries less secular Islamic countries less secular Islamic countries more prone to political violence Islamic countries more prone to political violence Fish: best explanation is female subordination Fish: best explanation is female subordination Measured by literacy, proportion of political offices held, sex ratio imbalances Measured by literacy, proportion of political offices held, sex ratio imbalances What’s the connection? – social and familial hierarchy undermines democracy, differences in male and female political behavior What’s the connection? – social and familial hierarchy undermines democracy, differences in male and female political behavior

14. Burma Military junta deposed Ne Win in 1988 Now called State Peace and Development Council Multiparty elections 1990 opposition party led by Aung San Suu Kyi not allowed to take control She won Nobel Peace Prize, still under house arrest Ongoing issues Ethnic rebel movements, especially Karen (near Thailand) Junta moved capital inland in 2005 Protests in 2007 Led by Buddhist monksin August 2007 suppressed Sept. 2007 Cyclone hit May 2008 80,000 killed Elections to approve new constitution held anyway New parliamentary elections scheduled for 2010

15. Sudan Ongoing civil wars between North and South Often portrayed as white v. black Better seen as Muslim v. Christian/animist Peace agreement signed in 2005 More recently (2003), Darfur conflict Government North (National Congress Party): came to power in 1988 in coup; al- Bashir in charge since 1999 Power-sharing agreement with (Southern) Sudan People’s Liberation Movement Elections scheduled for 2009 President of Sudan (Omar al-Bashir) just indicted by International Criminal Court for war crimes and crimes against humanity related to the Darfur conflict