1. MODULE 3
THE HAZARDS OF DRIVING

2. HAZARDS OF DRIVING
The National Safety Council of America lists six most common types of driving errors that contribute to collisions. Those errors are;
1. Speeding
2. Right-of-Way violations
3. Turning improperly
4. Driving left of center
5. Passing or overtaking improperly
6. Following too closely

3. SPEEDING
Speeding is the contributing factor in one-third of all fatal crashes
In adverse conditions, even the posted speed limit may be too fast.
For every 10 miles per hour over 50 mph the risk of death in a traffic crash in doubled.
It is far safer to drive at the posted speed limit than to keep up with the pace of traffic, and it is also the law.

4. Speeding Accidents Statistics & Facts
12,628 lives were lost in speeding-related crashes in 2001
The economic cost of speeding-related crashes is estimated to be $28 billion each year-$53,243 per minute or $887 per second

5. RIGHT-OF-WAY-VIOLATIONS
More than half of all urban collisions occur at intersections.
The law states who should yield the right of way, not who has the right of way.
Always scan an intersection before entering, and keep a two second distance from the car in front of you.

6. *** Never enter an intersection to turn until it is clear.***
TURNING IMPROPERLY
Turning requires good judgment. Follow these three steps.
1. Get in the correct lane to complete the turn from as soon as possible.
2. Signal your intention to make a turn.
3. Yield, and turn from the correct lane to the correct lane.
*** Never enter an intersection to turn until it is clear.***
*** Never point your wheels in the direction of a turn, until you begin the turn. If you are rear-ended while waiting for the intersection to clear, you could be pushed into on-coming traffic.***
Sometimes drivers cut the corners too sharply during left turns. To protect yourself, stay back a few feet from the stop line. This also leaves plenty of room for buses and other large vehicles to complete their turns.

7. DRIVING LEFT OF CENTER
Can you think of a reason someone would be driving left of center?
Car Problem
Fell asleep
Under the influence of drugs or alcohol
Avoiding an object in the road
Driver Distraction
Other???
By maintaining a safe speed, and following distance we give ourselves a “cushion of safety”. If we stay attentative, and use the “what-if” strategy, we reduce our chances of having a head-on collision.

8. DRIVING LEFT OF CENTER, CONT.
A drivers worst nightmare is another vehicle crossing the centerline and coming straight at you. We must remember to use the “four-R’s”.
Read the road ahead, and scan for hazards.
Drive to the right. If you spot an erratic driver, coming towards you, drive as far to the right of the road as possible.
Reduce speed.
Ride off the road. As a last resort, ride off the road. Look for something soft such as a bush. If you are to hit something, try and do it with a glancing blow. A direct head-on collision is the most dangerous collision you can have.
NEVER DRIVE LEFT IF ANOTHER DRIVER IS IN YOUR LANE. IF THAT DRIVER REALIZES HIS/HER MISTAKE, THEY MAY SWERVE BACK TO THEIR LANE OUT OF A NATURAL REACTION. THE ACCIDENT IS THEN YOUR FAULT, AS YOU WERE IN THE WRONG LANE.

9. FOLLOWING TOO CLOSELY
One of the most common errors, is tailgating. For some drivers, tailgating is a thoughtless habit. It could also be a deadly one.
Rear-end collisions are the most frequent type of automobile accident. They are avoidable.
Always keep at least a 3 second following distance from the vehicle in front of you. In adverse weather, this distance should be increased.

10. Cushion of Safety
Maintain at least a 3-second following distance when traveling (in ideal conditions) under 30 mph; at greater speeds, add 1 second
Scan your driving environment at least seconds down the road
Frequently check both left and right mirrors every 3-5 seconds
Scan for other vehicles moving behind your vehicle before you lose them in your blind spot

11. Cushion of Safety Be aware of driving in others’ blind spot
When changing lanes, take extra care in checking your mirrors for vehicles alongside that may be in your blind spot,
When backing off in a problem situation, “cover the brake”
In congested areas, increase your scanning activity and levels of alertness

12. DETERMINING A SAFE FOLLOWING DISTANCE
Do not let this become a distraction.
Select a stationary object such as an overpass, or telephone pole. As the vehicle ahead of you passes the object, begin counting.

13. SPACE MANAGEMENT
To operate safely, we must keep a safe distance from the vehicle in front of us. A minimum of a three second following distance should be maintained. To understand why this is so important, we need to look at how long it takes to stop our vehicle.

14. STOPPING DISTANCE
There are many factors that influence our stopping distance.
The vehicle (weight, tires, brakes, speed)
The driving conditions (road type, surface, weather)
The driver (perception time, and reaction time)
TIP
Anti-lock brakes give a noticeable kickback, and make a loud noise when applied. Don’t pull your foot off the brake because you hear and feel strange noises. These noises are supposed to be there.

15. STOPPING DISTANCE (CONT.)
Perception Distance: The number of feet your vehicle travels from the time an event occurs, such as the brake lights ahead coming on, until you spot it and recognize the hazard. Average perception time 1 and ¾ seconds.
Reaction Distance: The distance a vehicle travels while the driver moves his foot from the gas pedal to the brake pedal.
Braking Distance: The distance it takes to completely stop the vehicle after the brakes are applied. This is affected by speed, road surface, weather, and vehicle condition.

16. Reaction Distance THE AVERAGE PERSON’S REACTION TIME = ¾ SECOND
Traveling at 30 mph ¾ second = 33 feet
Traveling at 55 mph ¾ second = 60 feet
Traveling at 65 mph ¾ second = 72 feet

17. STOPPING DISTANCE CONT.
PERCEPTION DISTANCE + REACTION DISTANCE + BRAKING DISTANCE
At 55 Miles per hour,
- Perception distance is feet
- Reaction distance is 60.5 feet
- Braking distance is 144 feet
The total stopping distance is 346 feet
At 65 Miles per hour,
- Perception distance is feet
- Reaction distance is 71.5 feet
- Braking distance is feet
The total stopping distance is 440 feet