1. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emergy Evaluation of Environmental Alternatives Restoration, Uses of environment, management, alternative investments

2. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. The use of Emergy to evaluate environmental alternatives

3. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Two Views of Value......the worth, importance, or usefulness of something...to rate something according to its perceived worth, importance, or usefulness 1. Value is in the eyes of the beholder 2. Value is derived from what goes into something Receiver value Donor value

4. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Units of EMERGY... Solar emergy joules… or Solar emjoules… or “sej” Because joules are so small…(it takes 4186 of them to equal 1 kilogram calorie) the units we deal with are typically 10 12 (E12) and higher

5. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. By using a standard conversion factor, we can express emergy in dollar equivalents… In the same way as we could express dollars in energy equivalents..ie gallons of gas EmDollars… the money equivalent of emergy. for instance $1 today = 0.66 gallons or $1 = 8.7 E7 joules

6. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9….

7. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emdollars of the US Economy Total Emergy Use Gross Domestic Product = 1.0 E12 sej/dollar So... Every dollar spent in US economy has “embodied” in it, 1 E 12 sej of emergy

8. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. 3.6 E18 sej/yr 1.0 E12 sej/$ = 3.6 E6 em$ Express emergy as Emdollars for ease of recognition... An emergy input of 3.6 E18 sej/yr… becomes... 3.6 E6 Em$

9. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Comparison of Development Alternatives

10. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emergy Evaluation of Water Supply

11. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. The global water cycle... showing its economic use and the resulting circulation of money.

12. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. A case study of water supply alternatives proposed for Windhoek, Namibia. Emergy evaluation of the alternatives suggests that the use of aquifer water is preferable to using water from the Kavango River because of the likely downstream environmental impacts to the Okavango Delta wetlands and wildlife.

13. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Map of the study area showing the water supply alternatives

14. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Alternative 1

15. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Alternative 2

16. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Alternative 3

17. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emergy indices help in decision making by providing information “outside of traditional economic analysis

18. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9….

19. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emergy Evaluation of Tourism

20. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Using data from tourism development in Mexico and Papua New Guinea…. the concept of carrying capacity is related to intensity of development, environmental support area, and the “fit” of economic development in local environments and economies.

21. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9….

22. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9….

23. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9….

24. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9….

25. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emergy valuation of international trade resulting from money income from tourism...

26. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emergy Evaluation of Paper Waste Treatment Alternatives

27. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Paper Waste Treatment Alternatives II. Emergy Evaluation of Fenholloway River Restoration

28. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Study Area showing Fenholloway River and affected areas

29. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Alternative waste disposal from paper mill in Taylor County Fl

30. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Alternative 1 : pipeline to Gulf Alternative 2: Pipe to headwaters Alternative 3: Wetland slough to Gulf

31. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9….

32. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Alternative 1: Pipeline to Gulf

33. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Alternative 2: Pipe to headwaters

34. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Alternative 3: Wetland slough to Gulf

35. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. SUMMARY…. Million em$ per year AlternativeEmpower Costs Benefit-Cost Benefit* Em$/yr$/year Em$ - $ Fenholloway River, existing- 15.1-? <-15.1 Pipe to estuary- 13.4-3.0 -16.4 Recycle uphill into pine lands+17.0-4.8 +12.2 Constructed wetland strand+13.5-1.7 +11.8 *Emergy increases minus emergy losses

36. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emergy Evaluation of Power Plant Cooling Alternatives

37. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Map showing the Crystal River Power Plant, estuarine areas and intake and discharge canals.

38. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Summary of emergy evaluation of costs

39. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Comparison of cooling towers and bay cooling

40. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emergy Evaluation of Development Alternatives in the Sea of Cortez, Mex.

41. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Study Area…Sea of Cortez

42. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Changes in the Colorado River Discharge to the Sea of Cortez

43. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Number of Shrimp trawlers increased rapidly because of Government subsidies...

44. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. The Sea of Cortez

45. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. The Sea of Cortez

46. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Summary of Shrimp Evaluation

47. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Summary diagram of Trade

48. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. III. Emergy Evaluation of Oklawaha River Restoration …or why it won’t happen in our lifetime.

49. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Cross Florida Barge Canal and the Rodman Reservoir Rodman Dam...

50. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. History of the Cross Florida Barge Canal R1935 - Construction began and was suspended later that year. R1942 - Construction resumed R1962 - Economic Restudy by ACOE, fight to halt the project began R1970 - EDF and other plaintiffs filed suit R1971 - Construction halted by district court, Nixon signed an executive order suspending work. R1972 - Governor and cabinet rescinded support R1979 - Efforts to seek federal deauthorization began R1986 - Congress passes a deauthorization bill contingent on Florida passing implementing legislation R1990 - State and federal governments deauthorize the canal.

51. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9….

52. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emdollar values… Present condition= 386.4 E6 em$ Restored river= 321.0 E6 em$ net effect= - 65.4 E6 em$

53. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. IV. Emergy Evaluation of Everglades Restoration The worlds largest “restoration” project...

54. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Miami

55. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration

56. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration To understand many of the problems of the Everglades one needs to look north to the Kissimmee River

57. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration As a result of the river’s channelization, too much water arrives too early in Lake Okeechobee Excess must be “wasted” to tide...

58. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration Loss of peat is significant

59. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration Facts......

60. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration Facts......

61. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration Facts......

62. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration Key points...

63. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration Key points...

64. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration Key points...

65. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration Key points...

66. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration Historic...Present day...

67. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Everglades Restoration Systems Diagram showing the main flows of water...

68. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emergy Evaluation of System (c. 1900) Note ItemRaw Units TransformitySolar EmergyEmDollars (unit/yr)(sej/unit) (E18 sej/yr) (E6 em$/yr) Renewable Resource Inflows 1 Sunlight6.6 E+19 J1 66.5 65.8 2 Rain, chemical7.3 E+16 J181991326.61313.5 3 Wind, kinetic energy3.7 E+15 J1496 5.6 5.6 4 Tide2.1 E+15 J16842 36.1 35.8 5 Surface and Groundwater Inputs1.1 E+16 J2.6 E+04 284.7 281.9 Renewable Resource Outflows 6 Surface and Groundwater Outputs4.2 E+15 J2.6 E+04 109.4 108.3 Environmental Services 7 Transpiration4.0 E+16 J2.6 E+041051.11040.7 8 Estuarine Mixing2.5 E+16 J2.6 E+04 666.6 659.9

69. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Emergy Evaluation of System (c. 1995). Note ItemRaw Units TransformitySolar EmergyEmDollars (unit/yr) (sej/unit) (E18 sej/yr) (E6 1999 US$/yr) Renewable Resource Inflows 1Sunlight6.65E+19 J166.4665.80 2Rain, chemical7.29E+16 J181991326.611313.47 3Wind, kinetic energy3.75E+15 J14965.615.55 4Tidal Energy2.15E+15 J1.68E+0436.1335.77 5Surf & Gdwater Inflows9.04E+15 J3.33E+04301.04298.06 Renewable Resource Outflows 6Surf $ Gdwater Outflows8.40E+15 J3.33E+04279.65276.88 Agricultural Inputs 7Nitrogen1.31E+10 g2.41E+10314.58311.47 8Phosphate7.73E+09 g2.20E+10170.03168.34 9Potash2.07E+10 g1.10E+0922.7422.51 10Pesticides2.21E+09 g1.50E+1033.1532.82 11Fuel2.19E+15 J6.60E+04144.75143.32 12Labor5.37E+12 J2.46E+07132.22130.91 13Irrigation Water4.25E+15 J4.80E+04204.01201.99 14Services2.92E+08 $1.82E+12531.24525.98 Urban 15Residential6.55E+03 ha8.20E+16537.53532.21 16Commercial1.16E+03 ha2.49E+17288.56285.70 SFWMD 17Labor1.33E+11 J4.00E+075.345.28 18Fuels2.09E+14 J6.60E+0413.8113.68 19Goods and Services9.41E+06 $1.13E+1210.6410.53 20Assets (pumps, canals, etc.)2.76E+06 $9.20E+1225.3925.14 Park 21Labor2.19E+11 J4.00E+078.768.67 22Visitors2.62E+12 J2.46E+0764.3663.72 23Fuels 2.15E+14 J6.60E+0414.1614.02 24Goods & Services1.22E+07 $1.13E+1213.7913.65 25Concessions/Entrance Fees9.10E+06 $1.13E+1210.2810.18 Environmental Services 26Transpiration4.32E+16 J2.62E+041131.841120.63 27Estuarine Mixing2.05E+16 J2.62E+04535.83530.53

70. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9….. Emergy Evaluation of Restoration in the System Note ItemRaw Units TransformitySolar EmergyEmDollars (unit/yr) (sej/unit) (E18 sej/yr) (E6em$/yr) Renewable Resource Inputs 1Sunlight6.65E+19 J166.4665.80 2Rain, chemical7.29E+16 J181991326.611313.47 3Wind, kinetic energy3.75E+15 J14965.615.55 4Tidal Energy2.15E+15 J1.68E+0436.1335.77 5Surf & Gdwater Inflows1.09E+16 J3.33E+04361.90358.32 Renewable Resource Outputs 6Surf &d Gdwater Outflows4.17E+15 J3.33E+04139.00137.63 Agricultural Inputs 7Nitrogen1.26E+10 g2.41E+10303.25300.25 8Phosphate7.39E+09 g2.20E+10162.48160.88 9Potash1.99E+10 g1.10E+0921.8821.67 10Pesticides2.12E+09 g1.50E+1031.8631.55 11Fuel2.10E+15 J6.60E+04138.39137.02 12Labor5.17E+12 J2.46E+07127.23125.97 13Irrigation Water4.03E+15 J4.80E+04193.28191.36 14Services2.80E+08 $1.82E+12510.10505.05 Urban 15Residential6.55E+03 ha8.20E+16537.53532.21 16Commercial1.16E+03 ha2.49E+17288.56285.70 SFWMD 17Labor1.33E+11 J4.00E+075.345.28 18Fuels1.57E+14 J6.60E+0410.3810.28 19Goods and Services9.41E+06 $1.13E+1210.6410.53 20Assets (pumps, canals, etc.)2.40E+06 $9.20E+1222.0821.86 Park 21Labor2.19E+11 J4.00E+078.768.67 22Visitors2.62E+12 J2.46E+0764.3663.72 23Fuels 2.15E+14 J6.60E+0414.1614.02 24Goods & Services1.22E+07 $1.13E+1213.7913.65 25Concessions/Entrance Fees9.10E+06 $1.13E+1210.2810.18 Restoration 26Fuels1.21E+14 J6.60E+047.997.91 27Labor3.66E+10 J4.00E+071.471.45 28Construction2.30E+07 $1.01E+1223.2323.00 29Ops, Maint, Repair, etc.3.30E+07 $1.01E+1233.3333.00 Environmental Services 30Transpiration4.32E+16 J2.62E+041131.841120.63 31Estuarine Mixing2.27E+16 J2.62E+04595.37589.47

71. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Table 20. Summary of Emergy Contributions for the System (c. 1995) Note ItemSolar EmergyEmDollars (E18 sej/yr) (E6 em$/yr Renewable Resources 1Transpiration1131.81120.6 2Discharge (FL Bay)535.8530.5 Nonrenewable Resources 3Fuels172.7171.0 4Labor146.3144.9 5Assets (pumps, canals, etc.)25.425.1 6Urban826.1817.9 7Total Goods & Services1106.21095.3 8 Agricultural Goods & Services1071.71061.1 9 SFWMD Goods & Services10.610.5 10 Park Goods & Services23.823.6 Total Renewables1667.71651.2 Total Nonrenewables2276.72254.2 Total Emergy Contributed3944.43905.4

72. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Summary of Emergy Contributions of the System when Restored Note ItemSolar EmergyEmDollars (E18 sej/yr) (E6 em$/yr) Renewable Resources 1Transpiration1131.841120.63 2Discharge (FL Bay)595.37589.48 Nonrenewable Resources 3Fuels170.92169.23 4Labor142.80141.39 5Total Assets (pumps, canals, etc.)45.3144.86 6 SFWMD Assets (pumps, canals, etc.)22.0821.86 7 Restoration Assets (pumps, ASR, etc.)23.2323.00 8Urban826.09817.91 9Total Goods & Services1087.331076.56 10 Agricultural Goods & Services1029.571019.38 11 SFWMD Goods & Services10.6410.53 12 Park Goods & Services13.7913.65 13 Restoration Goods & Services33.3333.00 Total Renewables1727.211710.11 Total Nonrenewables2272.452294.81 Total Emergy Contributed3173.573205.31

73. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. Summary of Everglades Restoration NoteLocationEmvalue Billions Em$/yr 1 Annual total Em$ Everglades System3.14 2 Waters saved from sea discharge 1.02 3 Projected cost in dollars7.6 4 Em$/$ cost ratio over 36 years: (1.06 E9 Em$)(36 yr)/($7.6 E9) = 5.0/1

74. Emergy & Complex Systems Day 4, Lecture 9…. ZZZZZZZZZZ Z Z Z The End…