1. Materials Research for Smart Grid Applications
Steve Bossart & Ryan Egidi
Energy Analysts
U.S. Department of Energy
National Energy Technology Laboratory
Materials Challenges in Alternative & Renewable Energy
February 26 – March 1, 2012
Focus of presentation is on smart grid applications
Ryan Egidi

2. Smart Grid Topics Drivers & Value Proposition Concepts Technologies
Applications
Relationship to Materials Research
Metrics & Benefits
Implementation Challenges
Deployment and Demonstration Status
Topics covered include
Drivers for moving to a smart grid
Value proposition of smart grids – its costs and its benefits
Concepts and definitions (technology, functions)
Technologies included in smart grid
Applications and functions served by smart grid technologies
Materials research needs
Metrics and benefits
Challenges to implement a smart grid
Status of deployment and demonstration – DOE ARRA projects

3. Drivers and Value Proposition

4. Why Modernize the Grid? Today’s grid is aging and outmoded
Unreliability is costing consumers billions of dollars
Today’s grid is vulnerable to attack and natural disaster
An extended loss of today’s grid could be catastrophic to our security, economy and quality of life
Today’s grid does not address the 21st century power supply challenges
Adverse trends associated with the grid
- Costs, reliability, peak loads, asset underutilization, TLRs, grid divorce
The benefits of a modernized grid are substantial
Aging grid infrastructure; components will need to be replaced
70% of transmission lines and transformers are 25 years or older
60% of circuit breakers are 30 years or older
Designed in the 50s and installed in the 60s and 70s, before the era of the microprocessor.
$ Billion in business losses; $360 electricity sales
Vulnerable to natural disasters and cyber/physical attacks
Depend on electricity for quality of life and economy
Digital devices increasing ; over 50% of load
Adverse trends include increasing cost, reduced reliability (SAIDI, SAIFI), peak loads increasing, assets underutilized (47% G, 50% T, 30% D, <1% C), increase in transmission load relief events, increase in offgrid
Benefits of modern grid won’t be realized if we remain status quo 4 4

5. Value Proposition Cost to Modernize Benefit of Modernization
$338-$476B over 20 years
$ B for transmission
$232-$339 B for distribution
$24-46 B for consumer
$17-24 B per year
Benefit of Modernization
$1294 – 2028 Billion
Overall benefit-to-cost ratio of 2.8 to 6.0
EPRI, 2011
Previous Studies
Benefit to Cost Ratio for West Virginia of 5:1
Benefit to Cost Ratio for San Diego of 6:1
Benefit to Cost Ratio for EPRI (2004) 4:1-5:1
$165 B Cost
$638 - $802 B Benefits
Updated EPRI study on benefits and cost of a smart grid
Costs are $ B over 20 years with substantial investment in Distribution
Benefits are $ billion or 1.3 to 2.0 trillion
Benefits to utility, consumer, and society outweigh costs by 3-6 to 1
Consistent with benefits to costs from previous studies from EPRI, State of West Virginia, and San Diego ranging from 4:1 to 6:1
Smart grid has increase investment for utility but its benefits far outweigh its costs in the long run.
EPRI Report:

6. Definitions and Concepts
Discuss definitions of smart grid
Vision of smart grid

7. Smart Grid Supports 21st-Century Demand
The grid of the last century:
large, centralized plants ship power in one direction — to the customer
The modern grid incorporates new centralized plants with renewables, distributed generation, “aggregated” backup generators, energy storage, and demand-response programs —
seamlessly and safely
Current grid depends primarily on large, centralized power plants fueled by coal, natural gas, and nuclear fuel. Power from those plants is transmitted in one direction through transmission lines (115kV to 765kV) to distribution system (4-35kV) to consumers ( V).
A modern grid integrates power from the large central plants with distributed generation, variable renewables, energy storage, demand response, and electric vehicles creating a two-way flow of electricity.

8. What’s Different with Smart Grid
Consumer engagement with resources to solve power issues locally
Two-way power flow in Distribution
Two-way communications
More and smaller and distributed sources of electric power
Imperative to transform from passive to active control in Distribution
Dynamic pricing
New ways for Distribution to become a Transmission resource
Potential to transform transportation sector
Moving toward a Smart Grid will cause:
More consumer involvement with self-owned resources to solve power problems locally; smart appliances, DR, energy storage, EVs, rooftop solar
Two-way flow of power and communication; increase complexity of equipment protection and power dispatch
More power sources available to operators; smaller and distributed
Transform to active control of distribution assets
Ability for consumer to respond to dynamic price signals
Transmission congestion could be alleviated by distribution resources
- Potential to transform both electric power and transportation sectors with EVs

9. Smart Grid Principal Characteristics
The Smart Grid will:
Enable active participation by consumers
Accommodate all generation and storage options
Enable new products, services and markets
Provide power quality for the digital economy
Optimize asset utilization and operate efficiently
Anticipate & respond to system disturbances
Operate resiliently to attack and natural disaster
7 principal functional characteristics of Smart Grid used by DOE as its Smart Grid definition
Consumer participation
Plug-and-play control of generation and storage assets
- Aggregate DR, microgrid owners
- Fine-tune PQ to requirements of facility
- Improve asset utilization and improve efficiency
Detect and correct problems before they result in outage; maintain grid stability; self-heal
- Isolate outages, improve outage management system, faster restoration, eliminate cascading impacts, dynamic feeder reconfiguration to serve critical loads and circuits 9 9 9

10. Smart Grid Key Success Factors
The Smart Grid is MORE:
Reliable
Secure
Efficient
Safe
KSF’s represent the “why” i.e. what benefits will a Smart Grid deliver?
The grid must be more reliable. A reliable grid provides power dependably, when and where its users need it and of the quality they value.
The grid must be more secure. A secure grid withstands physical and cyber attacks without suffering massive blackouts or exorbitant recovery costs. It is also less vulnerable to natural disasters and recovers more quickly. Cyber and physical security
The grid must be more economic. An economic grid operates under the basic laws of supply and demand, resulting in fair prices and adequate supplies.
The grid must be more efficient. An efficient grid takes advantage of investments that lead to cost control, reduced transmission and distribution electrical losses, more efficient power production and improved asset utilization.
The grid must be more environmentally friendly. An environmentally friendly grid reduces environmental impacts through initiatives in generation, transmission, distribution, storage and consumption. Renewables, reduced T&D losses, DR
The grid must be safer. A safe grid does no harm to the public or to grid workers and is sensitive to users who depend on it as a medical necessity.
The grid must be more resilient. Self-heal; sense and correct problems, isolate outages and recover faster, continue to serve critical loads
Economic
Resilient
Environmentally
Friendly

11. Sensing, control, power transformation, and communications
Context of Smart Grid
Smart Grid
Enhanced by Smart Grid
Two-way communications
Sensors
Controls
Decision support tools
Components
Transformers
Power electronics
Conductors
Sensing, control, power transformation, and communications
Renewable energy resources
Electric vehicles
Energy storage
Distributed generation
Grid friendly appliances/devices
Generation, storage,
and load
One way of thinking about a modern electric grid
Smart Grid includes the components that sense, control, and transform power flow and communicate between components. Includes communications, sensors, controls, decision support tools, transformers, power electronics, and conductors
The ability to dispatch generation and serve load is possible without a smart grid , but is enhanced by the smart grid. Includes DER, EV, ES, DG, and smart appliances.
Storage represents both load and generation, e.g., a battery charging is a load, while a batter discharging is a generator.

12. Technologies
Technologies are individual components that when integrated comprise a Smart Grid.

13. Smart Grid Technologies
Integrated Communications
Advanced Control Methods
Decision Support & Improved Interfaces
Advanced Components
Sensors and Measurement
Sensors and measurement- real-tme voltage, current, frequency, phase angle, power, power factor,
Controls – Analysis and algorithms
Decision support – Operator visual aids; decision options
Advanced components - technology improvements to components , conductors, insulators, switches, relays, FCL, transformers, capacitors, power electronics
Backbone of smart grid is two-way communications

14. Electric Power System Markets, System Operators and Communications
Generation
Transmission
Substations
Distribution
Consumers
Coal
Gas
Nuclear
Hydropower
Wind Solar
Geothermal
Utility-ScaleStorage
Distribution Capacitors
SCADA Systems
Smart Switches/Reclosers
Automated Regulators
Distributed Generation
Energy Storage
Electric Vehicles
Home Area Network
In Home Device
Direct Load Control
Distributed Generation -(Wind, Solar, Combined Heat Power)
Smart Meters
Smart Appliances
Energy Storage
SynchroPhasor Tech
Dynamic Line Rating
Solid State Transformers
Substation Monitor
Dissolved Gas Analysis
Fault Current Limiters
Smart Relays
This is here to illustrate where Power Electronics would fit in the big picture. In the context of this group, will Power Electronics be used at the Utility scale at the distribution level and at the consumer level.
Components of electric power system separated by G, T, substations, D, and C
Generation includes central and distributed, base and peak load services, continuous and intermittent,
At the transmission level, phasor measurement units provide real-time situational awareness of transmission conditions. Dynamic line rating capability are able automatically adjust maximum carrying capacity of transmission lines based on conditions. Flexible AC transmission will support voltage to reduce the sags that are the biggest customer power-quality problem. Fault current limiters will reduce the voltage depressions created by transmission system faults, while synchronous switching will limit transient over-voltages.
At the distribution level, high-speed transfer switches will instantly remove disturbed sources and replace them with clean, backup power supplies. Major efforts on distribution automation, two-way equipment protection (FCL), and integration of DER.
Consumers will use electricity management devices to control their usage of electricity in response to price signals; they will own EVs, smart appliances, DG, E-storage

15. Power Electronics in T&D
Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System devices (FACTS)
Unified power flow controller
DVAR/DSTATCOM (insulated gate bipolar transistor)
Static voltage regulator
Static VAR compensator
Solid state transfer switch
DC/AC inverter
Transformers
Frequency conversion devices
Applications
Voltage control
Power quality enhancement
Reactive power balance
Correct stability problems particularly long distance transfers
Mike Soboroff will speak on power electronics in a later session. Fundamentally, power electronic devices are used to adjust the quality of power which improve functionality, improve stability, and protect equipment.
FACTS have already demonstrated their worth in a number of transmission and distribution (T&D) applications, including the following
Voltage control at various load conditions , Power quality enhancement, Reactive power balance, Stability problems with energy transfer over long distances
PE can be parts of or interact with electric power systems for power flow control, or interfaces with generation and storage
Power Flow Control - Advanced switches to modulate current flow and enable precise control of the electricity grid. Allows power to quickly flow from one line to another in order to optimize the system.,
Flexible alternate current transmission system (FACTS) devices – “A FACTS uses a power electronic–based device for the control of voltages and/or currents in ac transmission systems to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability.”
Static Volt Ampere Reactive (VAR) compensators – exchange capacitive or inductive current
Fault current limiting devices -
Solid-state distribution transformer – changes voltage and corrects for power factor, no oil, smaller
Transfer switches and solid-state circuit breakers – instantaneous transfer of power to switch to backup power
DC/AC Inverter - Enable renewable resource integration
 Grid Interface – PEV, renewables, energy storage

16. Power Electronics in HVDC
Applications
Coupling of asynchronous systems
Stability problems with long distanced energy transfer
Decrease short circuits in meshed systems
HVDC technology is used to transmit electricity over long distances by overhead transmission lines or submarine cables. It is also used to interconnect separate power systems where traditional ac cannot be used. Typically, an HVDC transmission has a rated power of more than 100 MW, and many are in the to 3000-MW range. (see attached) It is particularly suitable for small-scale power generation/transmission applications and extends the economical power range of HVDC transmission down to just a few tens of megawatts.
Power electronics are used in high voltage DC power applications to:
Couple asynchronous systems to match frequencies, phase angle, voltage
- Improve stability in long distance transmission
- Decrease short circuits

17. Superconductivity First and Second Generation Wire HTS Cable
Applications
Magnetic energy storage
Synchronous condensers
Fault current limiters
Efficient motors
Lossless transmission lines
Short lines exiting from congested substations
Benefits
Reactive compensation
Voltage regulation
Dynamic power factor correction
Flicker mitigation
High temperature superconductor
More power with smaller footprint than conventional cables
Lower electrical losses
Made and installed using conventional stranding and pulling techniques
Applications include energy storage, FCLs, motors, transmission lines, synchronous condensors
Provides reactive power compensation, voltage regulation, power factor correction, …

18. Composite Conductors Aluminum conductor composite core cable
Aluminum conductor composite reinforced cable
Annealed, aluminum, steel, supported, trapezoid cross-section conductor wire
Benefits
Increase power through existing ROW
Reduce cable sag
Reduce line losses
R&D on composite conductors to increase power through ROW
Reduce cable sag
Reduce line losses; low-loss conductors
6-7% electrical losses in T&D system in US

19. Distributed Energy Resources
Microturbine
Fuel Cell
Photovoltaic (PV): “Solar Panel”
Wind Turbine
Energy Storage
Batteries (NaS, vanadium redox, ultracapacitor)
Compressed air
Flywheels
Pumped hydro
Distributed energy resources (DER) are small-scale power generation and storage technologies, typically in the range of 3 to 10,000 kW, located close to where electricity is used (e.g., a home or business) to provide an alternative to, or an enhancement of, the traditional electric power system.
. But an interface using power electronics, along with new local control and protection schemes, is needed to mate DER sources to the grid.
Further development of fundamental DER energy-conversion technology is needed to lower cost and improve performance. Eventually, key technology improvements will allow remote management of multiple, diverse DER devices operating as an integrated system.
The development of advanced components, such as the low-cost power electronic interfaces needed for a variety of DER sources, combined with the associated communications, protection, and control systems, is a work in progress. DER will also profit by advances in the underlying core technologies such as the chemistry
involved with distributed storage devices.

20. Grid Friendly Appliances
Microelectronics
Cycle appliances on/off
Respond to price signals
Sense voltage and frequency
Benefits
Reduce peak load
Stabilize frequency and voltage of system
Aka, smart appliances
Include smart chip or microelectronic to respond to price signals and cycle appliance on/off
Also, sense line voltage and frequency , and apply power electronics to stabilize system

21. Applications and Functions

22. Smart Grid Functions Sensing Control Protection
Wide Area Monitoring, Visualization, and Simulation
Power Flow Control
Fault Current LImiting
Diagnosis & Notification of Equipment Condition
Automated Feeder Switching
Dynamic Capability Rating
Real-Time Load Measurement and Management
Automated Islanding and Reconnection
Adaptive Protection
Automated Voltage and VAR Control
Enhance Fault Protection
Real-Time Load Transfer
Customer Electric Use Optimization
Some of the smart grid functions
SENSING
Wide area monitoring – transmission system and service areas, visualization and simulation, situational awareness
Equipment health; improve maintenance; address problems before component failure;
- RT load management ; DR; and demand dispatch
CONTROL
Automated feeder switching to reroute power
Islanding and reconnection
Auto voltage/VAR control
- Load transfer
PROTECTION
Phasor measurement units
Dynamic load rating
Adaptive protection to protect equipment from two-way power flows
Fault protection; surges

23. Energy Storage Applications
Renewable Support
Investment Deferral
Ancillary Services
Load Management
Renewables Energy Time Shift
Electric Supply Capacity Deferral
Area Regulation
Electric Energy Time Shift
Renewables Capacity Firming
T&D Upgrade Deferral
Load Following
Transmission Congestion Relief
Wind Generation Grid Integration, Short Duration
Substation Onsite Power
Electric Supply Reserve Capacity
Time-of-Use Energy Cost Management
Wind Generation Grid Integration, Long Duration
Electric Service Reliability
Voltage Support
Demand Charge Management
Electric Service Power Quality
Transmission Support
Energy Storage
Support variable renewable integration
Defer T&D investments
- Provide ancillary services such as regulation, load following, reserves, voltage support; stabilize grid
Load management ; serve load by deferring power from other generation sources, follow load, alleve transmission congestion

24. Smart Grid Analysis Focus Areas
Six focus areas defined by DAT for analysis of DOE ARRA smart grid projects
Peak demand and electricity consumption – AMI, dynamic pricing, and DLC
O&M savings from AMI – meter readings, OMS, maintenance
Distribution reliability – feeder switching, equipment health
Energy efficiency – CVR, line losses
O&M savings from DA – automated and remote operations, efficiency
Transmission – phasor measurement units, balance load in all three phases

25. Materials Research

26. Materials Research High voltage capability Higher current
High frequency tolerance
Decrease size and weight
Reduce ancillary equipment
Reduce cost
Higher operating temperature without cooling
Longer life
Faster sensing and switching speed
Greater efficiency
Better protection
Materials research for smart grid components, particularly power electronics focuses on improving these attributes.
Higher voltage and current
Higher frequency
Decrease size and weight
Reduce need for additional equipment
Reduce cost
Higher temperature without cooling
Longer life
Faster speed
Greater efficiency (low electrical losses)
Better protection from damage

27. Metrics and Benefits

28. Environmentally Friendly Safety
Smart Grid Metrics
Reliability
Outage duration and frequency, momentary disruption, power quality
Security
Ratio of distributed generation to total generation
Economics
Electricity prices & bills, transmission congestion costs, cost of outages
Efficient
T&D electrical losses, peak-to-average load ratio
Environmentally Friendly
Ratio of renewable generation to total generation, emissions per kwh
Safety
Injuries and deaths to workers and public
Field Data Metrics Benefits Value
Much effort on measuring the impacts of smart grid projects to a variety of parameters
Impact on reliability, outage duration, frequency, and extent, power quality events
- Physical and cyber security; more DG makes it more difficult to impact operations
- Bills, cost of outages, transmission congestion costs
T&D losses, peak-to-average load (DR to shave peak)
- Emissions (renewables, EV, T&D losses)
Worker and public safety (improved OMS)
Ideally, we want to convert field data from the DOE ARRA projects to calculate performance metrics ; compare performance before and after smart grid to develop a benefit, and determine a monetary value for the benefits. 28 28

29. Who are the Beneficiaries?
Utilities (What’s in it for my shareholders?)
Consumers (What’s in it for me?)
Society (What’s in it for us?)
Need to breakdown the “business case” to see whether the SG is a good deal for everyone. It must be win-win for these three groups to create the motivation of each group to move forward.
If EPRI is correct, the SG is a good deal from a total benefit – total cost perspective, but we must make sure it is a good deal for each of these groups.
We get what we reward!

30. Utility Value Proposition
Opportunities
Rate of return
Operational Benefits
Outage restoration, billing, reduce T&D losses, optimize asset utilization, maintenance, planning
Improved Customer Satisfaction
May defer generation and transmission investments
Cost
Risk of cost recovery
If utilities were guaranteed cost recovery the SG would move quickly since they will get a return of an on that investment
Operational benefits include
ability to quickly locate outage cause and location
Automated and accurate billing
Reduce T&D losses; improve power factor
Improve asset utilization
Improve maintenance by monitoring equipment health; condition-based maintenance
Defer G&T investments
Utilities are the engine for investment in Smart Grid

31. Consumer Value Proposition
Opportunities
More reliable service
Reduce business loss
Energy bill savings
Transportation cost savings
Information, control, options
Sell resources into the market
Cost
“Consumer always pays”
Engaging the consumer is important both after the SG is implemented (re: 1st PC) and before - without the consumers support we won’t build it in the first place. They will fight it at the PUC level unless they believe it is in their best interest over the long run. To move forward, we must define the benefits and communicate the value to the consumer groups. If the value isn’t there (either at the consumer level or the societal level) the SG won’t be realized.
Improve reliability which will reduce business losses which, in theory, will reduce prices for goods and services
Reduce electricity bill
Reduce transportation cost for Electric Vehicles
Consumer has more information about electricity usage and costs and ability to exercise control (DR)
Can sell excess electricity (solar, EV battery)
Is this compelling?

32. “Fuel” Costs Per Mile for Electric Vehicles and Gasoline Vehicles
Demonstrate that electric vehicles are less expensive to operate than gasoline vehicles
Blue pink, and brown are for all-EV; at electric cost of $0.10/kwh, cost per mile ranges from $0.02 to $0.04.
The green line is for a hybrid electric vehicle
The blue and orange dash are for gasoline vehicles. At $3.50 /gal, the cost per mile is about $0.15 to $0.19.
Idaho National Laboratory

33. Societal Value Proposition
Opportunities
Downward pressure on electricity prices
Improved reliability reducing consumer losses
Increased grid robustness improving grid security
Reduced emissions
New jobs and growth in GDP
Revolutionize the transportation sector
Reduce import of foreign oil
Cost
No incremental cost?
The societal benefits are where the large benefits are created.
Downward pressure on prices (look at what happened to oil when we didn’t do anything to put downward pressure on the prices)
Consumer losses (this is the $135B figure we have used) I like to refer to this as a societal benefit since everyone enjoys it not just those who participate with the SG
Reduced emissions could be a big number if we include CO2, but that is still a wild card
New jobs and GDP – again a big number
Bottom line is we need to get visibility on these larger benefits and quantify them.
Note: the environmental movement is based on the desire of society to improve our environment – a totally societal movement
Does the societal value proposition make it compelling?

34. Challenges

35. Change Management A significant change management effort is needed:
Why do we need to change?
What is the vision?
Who’s in charge?
What is the value proposition?
Consumer education, alignment, and motivation is critical
Metrics needed for accountability and to monitor progress
Active leadership by stakeholder groups needed
the transition to the Smart Grid will be driven by the value proposition – good value, much interest, faster adoption; little or no value, slow if any value, so in general the SG will move at the “speed of value”
Human nature to remain “status quo.’ Acceptance of change is needed by utilities and consumers. Education is a key aspect of change management.
As the grid is transitioned to a smarter grid, we need to measure progress and value.
Move at the “Speed of Value”

36. Technical Challenges Interoperability and scalability
Large number of consumers actively involved
Decentralized operations with 2-way power flow
Getting the communications right
“Future proofing” the technologies
Cyber Security
Conversion of data to information to action
Market driven
Key technical issues include
Interoperability of components and its scalability to larger systems. NIST is lead on interoperability standards and best practices.
Consumers and their appliances, generators, storage, and Evs need to be an integral part of grid operation
Complexity of moving toward more nodes of decentralized generation; need to protect equipment from both directions
There is no single “best” communications solutions for all cases
Ensure that technologies are easily upgradeable; issue of stranded assets (AMR v. AMI)
- Cyber security is more complex;
- Much more data is available, but how can it be analyzed and converted to information to action in a short timeframe; local v. central control
- Use of technology will be driven by its cost and effectiveness
Where will we find the skilled resources to solve these?

37. Regulatory Challenges
Time-based rates
Clear cost recovery policies
Policy changes that remove disincentives to utilities
Societal benefits included in business case
Increased utility commission workload
Coordination among state utility commissions
Future proofing vs. stranded assets
Consumer privacy concerns
Least cost
Used and useful
New operating and market models
Acknowledge that these are the well known challenges but the list keeps growing!
Move toward time-base rates instead of fixed rates for all sectors
Need clear cost recovery for utility investments
Some investments may result in selling less electricity to customers which is a disincentive for the utility; possible move to performance-based incentive for utiltiy where savings can be shared.
Important that business cases include all benefits, not just utility benefits
Increases workload of commissions
Commissions need to learn from each other
Handling cost of stranded assets and ensure that investments are “future proofed”
Consumer privacy
Smart grid cost more than traditional grid which challenges the “least cost” principle
Need to demonstrate that investments are used and useful; full complement of smart grid benefits may be delayed until DER/DR is installed
Marketplace for how electricity is bought and sold will need to change

38. Deployment and Demonstration Status

39. Smart Grid Activities American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
Smart Grid Investment Grants (99 projects)
$3.4 billion Federal; $4.7 billion private sector
877 PMUs covering almost 100% of transmission
200,000 smart transformers
700 automated substations
40 million smart meters
1 million in-home displays
Smart Grid Demonstration Projects (32 projects)
$620 million Federal; $1 billion private sector
16 storage projects
16 regional demonstrations
Biggest effort for smart grid in US is through the $4.5 B provided from ARRA.
$GIG emphasis is on building out smart grid in US,. Thus , early efforts are on smart meter deployment, communications network, consumer displays, PMUs in transmission, early DA
SGDP is focused on demonstrating a fuller suite of smart grid applications and benefits. In a smaller service area.
Just beginning to receive impact metrics; build metrics are significant

40. Smart Grid Activities (continued)
Additional ARRA Smart Grid Activities
Interoperability Framework by NIST ($10M)
Transmission Analysis and Planning ($80M)
State Electricity Regulator Assistance ($50M)
State Planning for Smart Grid Resiliency ($55M)
Workforce Development ($100M)
DOE Renewable & Distributed Systems Integration (9)
EPRI Smart Grid Demonstrations (14 projects)
Smart Grid System Report to Congress
Other ARRA smart grid activities include
SGSR – Two reports complete; one published; one near publication; third under development

41. Contact Information
Steve Bossart
(304)
Smart Grid Implementation Strategy
Federal Smart Grid Website
Smart Grid Clearinghouse