1. Immunity and Infection
Chapter 17

2. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
The Chain of Infection
Links in the Chain
Transmitted through a chain (six links)
Pathogen - disease causing microorganism
Reservoir - natural environment of the pathogen: Person, animal or environmental component
Portal of Exit
Means of transmission
Direct transmission
Indirect transmission
Portal of entry
Penetration of the skin
Inhalation
Ingestion
New host
Breaking the Chain
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

3. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

4. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Body’s Defense System
Physical and Chemical barriers
Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract
The Immune System
Immunological Defenders
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
Dendritic cells
Lymphocytes
T-cells
Helper, Killer, and Suppressor
B-cells
Antibodies
Memory T and B cells
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

5. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

6. The Inflammatory Response
Histamine.
Dilation of blood vessels, heat, redness, and swelling.
The immune response
Phase 1 – Dendritic cells are drawn to the site
Phase 2 – Helper T cells multiply
Production of Killer T and B cells
Cytokines – chemical messengers
Phase 3 – Killer T cells strike
Cell-mediated immune
Anti-body mediated immune response
Phase 4 – Last Phase –
Suppressor T-cells
Slow down activity
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

7. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

8. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Immunity
An infected person will never get the same illness again.
Lymphocytes create amplification of the immune response are reserved by memory T and B cells
Symptoms and contagion
Incubation – viruses are multiplying in the body or when bacteria are actively multiplying
Will not feel symptoms until the second or third phase of the immune response cycle
Prodromal period – the infected host has acquired immunity
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

9. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Immunization
The process of ‘priming’ the body to remember an encounter with a specific antigen.
Types of vaccines
VACCINE- Introduction of a killed or weakened pathogen to stimulate the body to produce antibodies.
(active immunity).
PASSIVE IMMUNITY- Injection of antibodies produced by other human beings or animals.
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY-The ability of a memory lymphocytes to remember a previous infection. (chicken pox).
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

10. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Immunization Issues
Vaccine shortages in the U.S.
Deaths from vaccine-preventable disease worldwide
Vaccine safety
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

11. Allergy: The Body’s Defense System Gone Haywire
Allergies
Allergens
Pollen, Dander, Dust mites, Molds, Food, Insects
The Allergic response
Immunoglobulin (IgE)
Anaphylaxis
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

12. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

13. Dealing With Allergies
Avoidance
Medication
Immunotherapy
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

14. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

15. The Troublemakers: Pathogens and Disease
Bacterium – Microscopic single celled organism
Pneumonia
Meningitis
Strep Throat and other streptococcal infections
Toxic shock and other staphylococcal
Tuberculosis
Lyme Disease and other tickborne infections
Ulcers
Other Bacterial infections
Tetanus
Pertussis
Urinary tract infections
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

16. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Antibiotic Treatment
Actions of Antibiotics
Antibiotic resistance
Proper antibiotics usage
Don’t take an antibiotic every time you are sick
Use antibiotics as directed
Never take an antibiotic without an prescription
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

17. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Type of Pathogens
Viruses – (parasites – take what they need)
Common Cold
Influenza
Measles, Mumps and Rubella
Chickenpox, Cold Sores, and other herpes-virus infections
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Viral encephalitis
Viral Hepatitis
Poliomyelitis
Rabies
Warts
Treatment
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

18. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

19. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Types of Pathogens
Fungi –
Primitive plant – Yeast infections, athletes foot, and ringworm
Candida albicans
Protozoan –
Microscopic single-celled animal – Malaria, African sleeping sickness, Giardiasis, Tricomonias, Trypanosomiasis, and Amoebic dysentary.
Parasitic worm –
Largest organism that can enter the body – Tapeworm, Hookworm, and Pinworm.
Prions -
Fetal degeneration disorders of the CNS, linked to “proteinaceous infectious particles.
Lack DNA and RNA
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

20. Emerging Infectious Diseases
Selected Infections of concern
West Nile virus
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Rotavirus
Escherichia coli
Hantavirus
Ebola
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

21. Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections
Drug Resistance
Poverty
Breakdown of public health measures
Environmental changes
Travel and Commerce
Mass food production and distribution
Human behaviors
Bioterrorism
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

22. Other Immune Disorders: Cancer and Autoimmune Diseases
If the immune system breaks down
Getting older
HIV infection
Chemotherapy
Autoimmune diseases
Rheumatoid arthritis
Systemic lupus erythmatosus
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

23. Giving Yourself a Fighting Chance: How to Support Your Immune System
Public Health
Taking care of yourself
Nutrition
Exercise
Rest
Moderation of Lifestyle
Controlling Stress
Chapter seventeen
© 2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved.

24. Immunity and Infection
Chapter 17