1. Texas in the Progressive Era

2. Progressive Era U.S. Presidents Teddy Roosevelt (R) 1901-1909 William Howard Taft (R) 1909-1913 Woodrow Wilson (D) 1913-1921

4. Urban Changes 1890s Urban growth is extraordinary 1860:5 cities of 100,000 1890:38 cities of 100,000 (2010: 252)

5. 1900 Tremendous social stratification and inequality. – Andrew Carnegie’s income was $23 million/year, Average head of household was $500/year. – 1% of Americans owned 87% of wealth – 80% of Americans were subsistence wage earners

6. Progressivism Rational use of government powers to solve social problems. Social uplift/social control. Role of “experts”. Space for “woman’s maternal role”. Rises from municipal to state and national and then international levels.

8. Muckrakers The social pressures of increased population density led to calls for municipal level reform. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1895 Lincoln Steffens, Shame of the Cities, 1904 Ida Tarbell, History of Standard Oil, 1904 Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1906 Muckrakers identified social issues, very rarely propose solutions.

9. Professionalization The 1880s to 1900s witnessed a wave or institutional reforms that created professional standards. American Bar Association 1878 American Historical Association 1889 American Psychiatry Association 1892 American Medical Association 1897

11. Trust Busting 1902: Ida Tarbell’s History of Standard Oil published magazine series, a muckraking anti-monopoly tract. 1904: Teddy Roosevelt elected president, campaigned as “trust buster.” 1905-1909: US government prosecuted S.O. for unfair trade practices. 1911: Standard Oil ordered to dissolve.

12. Breaking up the Giant Seven regional mini-Standard Oils and a 25+ smaller companies: – S.O. of New York = Mobil – S.O. of New Jersey = Exxon (later merged with Mobil) – S.O. of Ohio = Sohio (later bought by BP) – S.O. of California = Chevron (later merged with Texaco) – S.O. of Indiana = Amoco (later bought by BP) – Continental Oil = Conoco (later bought by Phillips) – Atlantic Oil = Arco (later bought by BP, now Sunoco)

14. Progressive Reforms Initiative Recall Referendum City Councils and Managers Public school expansion State Universities Sanitation services National and State Park Systems

16. 1912

17. Woodrow Wilson (D):6.3 million 435 EC Teddy Roosevelt (P): 4.1 million 88 EC William Taft (R): 3.5 million 8 EC Eugene Debs (S):.9 million 0 EC

18. Texan Progressive Era Governors James Hogg, 1891-1895 Charles Culberson, 1895-1899 Joseph Sayers, 1899-1903 S. W. T. Lanham, 1903-1907 Thomas Campbell, 1907-1911 Oscar Colquitt, 1911-1915 James Ferguson, 1915-1917 William Hobby, 1917-1921 Pat Neff, 1921-1925 Miriam Ferguson, 1925-1927

20. 1870s and 1880s: two organizations focused on Woman’s suffrage. National WSA sought federal amendment. Led by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton. American WSA sought state level reforms. Led by Lucy Stone and others. NWSA and AWSA merge in 1890 Continued both campaigns at state and national level. Wyoming, territory, 1869 Utah, territory, 1870 to 1887 Wyoming, state, 1890 Colorado, state, 1893 Utah, state, 1895 Idaho, state, 1896 Washington, state, 1910 California, state, 1911 Arizona, Oregon, states, 1912 Illinois, state, 1913 Montana, state, 1914 New York, state, 1917 !!! Jeannette Rankin, 1 st Woman in Congress Elected in 1916 from Montana

24. Amendment 19 1915, Defeated in House 1918, President Wilson urges passage of law 1919, Fails in Senate 1919, Wilson calls special session and leans on Congress to solve this before 1920 elections June 1919 passes Congress and goes to states for ratification August 1920 36 th state (Tennessee, in a 50 to 49 vote) ratifies it and Women’s Suffrage becomes national law.

26. Holdouts? Connecticut, 1920 Vermont, 1921 Delaware, 1923 Maryland, 1941 Virginia, 1952 Alabama, 1953 Florida, 1969 South Carolina, 1969 Georgia, 1970 Louisiana, 1970 North Carolina,1971 Mississippi, 1984 Connecticut, Vermont, and Delaware delayed ratification because of the timetable for their state assemblies to meet, but ratified relatively soon after the Amendment became national law. Why did the US South resist ratifying the Amendment? Unnecessary effort? A symbolic, anti-Progressivism act? Generally slower to respond to national changes? What about Arkansas, Texas, and Tennessee?

28. Prohibition Amendment 18, 1919 (Repealed in 1933) Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. Loophole?

29. http://www.tabc.state.tx.us/local_option_elections/

30. Progressive Amendments Amendment 16: Income Tax (1913) Amendment 17: Direct Election of Senators (1913) Amendment 18: Prohibition (1919) Amendment 19: Women’s Suffrage (1920) Amendment ??: Child Labor Act (1924) 28 States ratified, just 10 to go!