1. Persuasion
The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions.
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2. Ethics and Persuasion Make sure your goals are ethically sound
Use ethical methods to communicate your ideas
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3. Mental Dialogue with the Audience
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4. Audience-Speaker Connection
The mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.
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5. Persuasion involves any movement by a listener
Degrees of Persuasion
Strongly Opposed
Moderately Opposed
Slightly Opposed
Neutral
Slightly in Favor
Moderately in Favor
Strongly in Favor
Persuasion involves any movement by a listener
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6. Target Audience
The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.
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7. Types of Persuasive Speeches
Speeches on questions of fact
Speeches on questions of value
Speeches on questions of policy
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8. Question of Fact
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.
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9. Persuasive Speech on a Question of Fact
Specific Purpose:
To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years.
Main Points:
California is long overdue for a major earthquake.
Many geological signs indicate that a major earthquake may happen soon.
Experts agree that a major earthquake could hit California any day.
Topical Organization
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10. Question of Value
A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.
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11. Persuasive Speech on a Question of Value
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that capital punishment is morally and legally wrong. Main Points: I. Capital punishment violates the biblical commandment “Thou shall not kill.” II. Capital punishment violates the constitutional ban on “cruel and unusual punishment.”
Topical Organization
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12. Question of Policy
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.
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13. Persuasive Speech on a Question of Policy
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that our state should require mandatory recertification of lawyers every ten years.
Main Points:
Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers.
A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every ten years will do much to help solve the problem.
Problem-Solution
Organization
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14. Fact, Value, or Policy? Fact Policy
To persuade my audience that poaching is threatening the survival of animal species throughout the world.
To persuade my audience that strong international action should be taken to solve the problem of poaching.
Fact
Policy
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15. Fact, Value, or Policy? Policy Fact
A federal law should be passed requiring that trunk release systems be standard on all new cars sold in the United States.
If trunk release systems were standard equipment on all cars sold in the United States, we could save a number of children’s lives each year.
Policy
Fact
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16. Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy
Speeches to gain passive agreement
Speeches to gain immediate action
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17. Speech to Gain Passive Agreement
The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.
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18. Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement
To persuade my audience that there should be stricter safety standard on amusement- park rides.
To persuade my audience that school districts should not allow soft-drink companies to stock their products in school vending machines.
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19. Speech to Gain Immediate Action
The speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.
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20. Specific Purposes for Speeches to Gain Immediate Action
To persuade my audience to donate time to become literacy tutors.
To persuade my audience to vote in the next presidential election.
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21. Basic Issues of Policy Speeches
Need
Plan
Practicality
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22. Need
Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
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23. Plan
If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
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24. Practicality Will the speaker’s plan solve the problem?
Will the speaker’s plan create new and more serious problems?
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25. Organizing Speeches on Questions of Policy
Problem-solution order
Problem-cause-solution order
Comparative advantages order
Monroe’s motivated sequence
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26. Problem-Solution Order
Main point I: Documents the existence of a problem. Main point II: Presents a solution to the problem.
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27. Problem-Solution Order
Specific Purpose:
To persuade my audience that the use of antibacterial chemicals in household products is creating health and environmental problems.
Main Points:
The use of antibacterial chemicals in household products is a serious problem.
Solving these problems requires a combination of government and consumer action.
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28. Problem-Cause-Solution Order
Main point I: Documents the existence of a problem. Main point II: Analyzes the causes of the problem. Main point III: Presents a solution to the problem.
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29. Problem-Cause-Solution Order
Specific Purpose:
To persuade my audience that the age for full motor-vehicle driving privileges should be raised to 18.
Main Points:
The number of accidents and death involving teenage drivers is a serious national problem.
There are four main causes of the problem.
We can help solve these problems by raising the age for full driving privileges.
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30. Comparative Advantages Order
Each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other potential solutions.
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31. Comparative Advantages Order
Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience that the U.S. space program should put greater priority on unstaffed scientific missions. Main Points: I. Unstaffed scientific missions are less costly than staffed space flights. II. Unstaffed scientific missions provide more practical benefits than staffed space flights.
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32. Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
A five-step sequence designed especially for organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action.
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33. Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Attention:
Gain the attention of the audience
Need:
Show the need for change
Satisfaction:
Provide a solution to the need
Visualization:
Intensify desire for the solution by visualizing its benefits
Action:
Urge the audience to take action in support of the solution
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34. Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Attention:
Introduction
Need:
I. First main point
Satisfaction:
II. Second main point
Visualization:
III. Third main point
Action:
Conclusion
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35. Identifying Question of Fact, Value, & Policy
President Franklin D. Roosevelt knew in advance about the Japanese plan to attack Pearl Harbor and allowed it to happen.
If Franklin D. Roosevelt knew in advance about the Japanese plan to attack Pearl Harbor, he was wrong in allowing it to happen.
Fact
Value
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36. Identifying Questions of Fact, Value, & Policy
Using lie detector tests as screening devices for jobs in private business is a violation of the employee’s right to privacy.
The use of lie detector tests for screening employees in private business should be banned by law.
Fact
Policy
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37. Identifying Questions of Fact, Value, & Policy
A federal law should be passed requiring that anti- lock brakes be standard on all new cars sold in the United States.
If anti-lock brakes were standard equipment on all cars sold in the United States, we could reduce the number of traffic fatalities by 5,000 lives every year.
Policy
Fact
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38. Identifying Questions of Fact, Value, & Policy
Colorizing classic movies such as Casablanca violates the artistic integrity of such movies.
Congress should protect the artistic integrity of movies such as Casablanca by passing a law prohibiting the colorization of classic American films.
Value
Policy
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39. True-False Quiz
When trying to persuade a hostile audience, you should usually be wary of even mentioning their objections to your point of view.
A persuasive speech on a question of fact is essentially the same as an informative speech
Persuasive speeches on questions of value usually argue directly for or against particular courses of action.
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40. True-False Quiz
“To persuade my audience that capital punishment does not deter people from committing crimes such as murder” is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy.
Research indicates that audiences often engage in a mental give-and-take with the speaker as they listen to a persuasive speech.
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41. True-False Quiz
When trying to persuade listeners to take action, you should usually be specific about the action you want them to take.
The burden of proof rests with the persuasive speaker who advocates change.
When you discuss a question of policy, you must deal with three basic issues—attention, plan, and action.
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42. True-False Quiz
If you advocate a new policy in a persuasive speech, your main points will usually fall naturally into topical order.
Monroe’s motivated sequence is most appropriate for speeches that try to persuade listeners to take immediate action.
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43. Practice—Page 348 #2
Original Statement: To persuade my audience that it is unfair for judges to favor natural parents over adoptive parents in child custody disputes. (question of value)
Rewritten Statement: To persuade my audience that the courts should establish clear guidelines for settling disputes between adoptive parents and natural parents in child custody cases. (question of policy)
Rewritten Statement: To persuade my audience that if the courts established clear guidelines for child custody cases, there would be fewer disputes between adoptive and natural parents. (question of fact)
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44. Questions of FACT If-then Truth/falsity Topical organization VALUE
Beliefs, value terms i.e. good/bad, moral/immoral,,
Topical Organization
POLICY
Need, Plan, & Practicality
Passive agreement or Immediate action
Problem-solution, Problem-cause-solution, Comparative advantages, Monroe’s motivated sequence
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