1. Private Pilot Ground School AVF 112 b Fall Quarter 2009 b Mr. Joseph MacDougall, Instructor

6. Leonardo da Vinci, on Flight of birds b For once you have tasted flight, You will walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward; b For there you have been, b And there you long to return.

7. SYLLABUS b REVIEW / ANY QUESTIONS?

8. BOOKS b PRIVATE PILOT MANUAL BY JEPPESEN b FLIGHT COMPUTER (E6B) b PLOTTER, AND CHART (SEATTLE SECTIONAL) b PRACTICLE TEST STANDARDS FAA b GLIEM PRIVATE PILOT b B -19 PILOT INFO MANUAL b AVIATION DICTIONARY b Airplane Flying Handbook b Pilots handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge b Aircraft Weight & Balance Handbook b Private Oral Exam Guide b FAR/AIM 2010

9. Lesson 1: Aircraft General (Systems) b 1. Airplane Structure. b 2. Flight Controls. b 3. Fuel System. b 4. Electrical Systems. b 5. Vacuum Systems. b 6. Brakes and Landing Gear.

10. READING ASSIGNMENT b JEPPESON PRIVATE PILOT MANUAL b READ b CHAPTER #1 SECTION A&B b CHAPTER #2 SECTION A b CHAPTER #2 2-24 TO 2-31 b CHAPTER #2 2-40 TO 2-42 b Chapter #2 2-63 to 2-68 b Gleim chapter 1 1.1 b Gleim chapter 2 2.8

11. READING ASSIGNMENT b Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (PHAK) Read b Chapter 2 (2-3 through 2-11) b Chapter 5 b Chapter 6 (6-25 through 6-27, 6-30 through 6-32)

12. 5 MAJOR PARTS OF AN AIRCRAFT b Be able to label on Wednesday figure 2-1 in chapter 2 Jeppeson book or Chapter 2 page 1 PHAK.

13. Parts of an Airplane b The entire structure of the airplane is referred to as the airframe. b The components of the airframe are: b 1. Wing, b 2. Fuselage, b 3. And the tail assembly, or empennage

14. Airplane Structure

17. Wings b Cantilever, (no external bracing) Like Beechcraft b Semi-Cantilever (use external bracing such as struts and wires), Like Cessna

18. Wings Continued b Most wings today are monoplanes (one pair of wings) two wings are called biplanes, three triplanes. b The most common used wing construction consists of airfoil- shaped ribs attached to spars.

19. Ribs, spars, stringer of wing

21. Skin of Wing b The ribs and spares are then covered by a thin skin which forms the outer surface. b Metal, fabric or plywood are the common wing coverings

22. Wing leading and trailing edge shapes.

23. Common Wing Forms b Low wing b High Wing b Gull Wing b Dihedral (B-19) b Mid wing b Inverted gull

24. Fuselage b 3 types: b Truss type b Monocoque (French for single shell) b Semi-Monocoque

25. Truss type b Usually constructed of steel tubing welded together in such a manner that all members of the truss can carry both tension and compression loads.

26. Truss type

27. Monocoque Structure b Relies on the strength of the skin or covering to carry the primary stresses. b Good example is a soda can.

28. Semi-Monocoque b Additional strength is provided in a semi-monocoque structure by a sub-structure that reinforces the skin

29. Empennage/Tail Assembly b Two surfaces the Horizontal Surface b Vertical Surface

30. Tail Assembly includes b Vertical/Horizontal stabilizer (stabilator) and rudder b ruddervator/V-tail

31. Rudder b Rudder (controls yaw, movement of airplane around the vertical axis) b Rudder peddles control the rudder and brakes.

32. Horizontal stabilizer b Elevator and stabilator b controls pitch about the lateral axis

33. Elevator control

34. Different Tail Configurations b V-Tail b Dihedral b Mounted on twin booms

35. Ailerons and Flaps b On the trailing (rearmost) edge of the wing are two sets of moveable surfaces. Farthest from the center of the airplane you find the ailerons inboard you find the flaps

36. Ailerons b Ailerons, controls bank about the longitudinal axis. Conventional cable system terminating in bellcranks.

37. Ailerons b B-19 has Frise- Differential-type ailerons. b Differential aileron raises one aileron a greater distance than the other aileron is lowered. Both reduce adverse yaw.

38. Function of Flaps (GLEIM) b High lift/drag devices which, in effect, increase the camber of the wing and in some cases, as with Fowler flaps increase the wing area. b Gives better T.O. performance and permits steeper approach angles and lower approach speeds. b B-19 has four position slotted flaps 0, 15, 25 and 35 degrees.

39. Flaps b Main function of the flaps increase the angle of descent without increasing the airspeed.

40. Trim Devices (Secondary flight Control) b Used for trimming and balancing the airplane in flight and to reduce the force required of the pilot in actuating the primary flight controls.

41. Anti-Servo Tab b Moves in the same direction as the trailing edge of the stabilator and helps make the stabilator less sensitive. The antiservo tab also functions as a trim tab to relieve control pressure.

42. FUEL SYSTEM (PG. 2-26 TO 2-31 b DON’T FORGET TO READ THE ABOVE PAGES & the entire reading assignment given at the beginning of class BEFORE Wednesday!!!!!!! b You can take a break

43. Fuel tanks b Hard cell (welded or riveted) b Bladder b Integral fuel tank (Seal off a portion of the wing for a fuel tank)

44. Fuel system diagram for B- 19

45. Cessna fuel system diagram

46. Usable vs Unusable fuel b 59.8 gal, 7.8 unusable (52 usable) 2,4,5,59 b 2.6 unusable (57.2 usable) rest of the C-23’s and B-19’s b AIRCRAFT INFO HANDOUT

47. Mixture Control b Mixture control prevent mixture from becoming too rich at high altitudes b conserve fuel b provide optimum power

48. Fuel: Air Ratio b The mixture ratio of fifteen pounds of air to one pound of gasoline is known as a stoichiometric mixture, which is a chemically correct mixture in which all of the chemical elements are used and none are left over.

49. Combustion will occur b With as rich as 8:1 b Or as lean as 18:1 b But the maximum amount of heat energy is released with the stoichiometric mixture of 15:1 or 0.067

50. Fuel injection b Fuel injected into the intake valve b More even fuel distribution to the cylinders b No chance of carburetor ice (sometimes intake ice) b Usually more horsepower (better efficiency)

51. Fuel grades 2-30 (memorize) b 80/87 (.5 ml of lead) b 100/130 (4 ml of lead) b 100LL (2 ml of lead) b 115/145 (better anti- detonation large high powered engines) b Jet A b Red b Green b Blue b Purple b Clear or Straw colored

52. Octane grade and substitution b next Higher grade b Using a fuel grade lower than specified can cause cylinder head and engine temperature to exceed normal operating limits b Detonation & preignition pg 2-25,2- 26 b Fuel weights approx. 6lbs per gal b Water 1 Gallon [US] = 8.345 lbs

53. Fuel and oil weights change with temperature

55. Electrical System b Includes everything that operates electrically with the exception of the magnetos which are driven by the engine for the sole purpose of producing current to the spark plugs.

56. Things that the electrical system can control b Starter b Flaps b Gear b Radios b Lights b Windshield wipers b Heater b Fan b Anti-Icing b De-Icing equipment b Etc.

57. Electrical System 2-40 b Battery 12 or 24 V b Master Switch and Battery Solenoid b Starter Motor and solenoid b Generator or Alternator 14V 60 Amp b Voltage Regulator b Buss bar b Circuit breakers b fuses b overvoltage relay

58. Storage Battery b Electrical system is usually 12 or 24 V DC (direct current) b Pg 2-41

59. Starter Motor b The purpose is to turn the engine over so that it will continue to operate. b The starter switch activates the starter solenoid which, in turn, permits current to enter and drive the starter motor (provided you have battery power)

60. Generator or Alternator b Purpose is to supply current to the electrical system and to recharge the battery. b Alternators are typically found on low speed engines and generators in faster speed engines.

61. Voltage Regulator b Prevents the generator or alternator from over-loading the system and prevents the battery from becoming overcharged.

62. Bus Bar b Receives the current produced by the generator, alternator and battery. From the bus bar current passes through the various circuit breakers which are connected to the components that require electrical current to operate.

63. Buss items b Pitot heat b landing light b beacon b nav lights b cockpit lighting b boost pump b stall horn b hobbs meter b intercom b ammeter b fuel gauges b nav/comm b clock b Turn coordinator

64. Circuit Breakers or Fuses b All electrical circuits are protected by circuit breakers or fuses. b Used to protect various components from damage caused by excess voltage or current, short- circuits etc. b Most are push in reset type.

65. Starting b Keep the Avionics master off some type of radio equipment can be damaged by the voltage drop in the electrical system during starting when all power comes directly from the battery before the alternator are working to regulate voltage.

66. Ammeter 2-41 b Gives indication in cockpit that the electrical power source is functioning normally. b The ammeter measures in amperes the rate of flow of the electrical current being produced. It also indicates when power is being used from the battery. It registers a discharge when turned on with the engine not running.

67. Ammeter Continued b (+) should always indicate or 0. If the ammeter indicates a (-) this indicates a discharge and that electrical energy is coming from the battery rather than the generator.

68. Ignition system (Magneto’s) b Magneto is an engine driven generator that produces an AC current. Its source of energy is a permanent magnet. b Dual ignition system 2 Mags b Increased safety two spark plugs per cylinder. b More complete and even combustion b Totally independent of the electrical system run off the engine.

69. Ignition System 2-24 to 2- 25

70. Vacuum System (2-63 to 2- 68)

71. Instruments used in the Vacuum system b Attitude indicator b Heading indicator (need to reset periodically with the compass as the gyro experiences precession. b instrument air gauge (inches of Mercury)

72. Vacuum System b Backup vacuum systems b Venturi type vacuum systems b Pressure systems b Aircraft instruments will be discussed in further detail in a latter lesson b Turn coordinator is electric and not a part of the vacuum system

73. Landing Gear/ Undercarriage page 2-7 to 2-9 b Purpose is to take the shock of landing and support the weight of the aircraft on the ground while still allowing the aircraft to maneuver on the ground b Two types Fixed gear or Retractable.

74. Fixed undercarriage b Tripod Landing Gear b Single Leaf Cantilever b Split Axle b Single Strut Gear B-19

75. Conventional/Tricycle Gear b Conventional gear Requires an endorsement b Tricycle gear advantages b Better visibility b Better braking without nosing over b Better control ie no ground loop

76. B-19 landing gear 7-13 b Fixed tricycle gear, fabricated from magnesium castings and aluminum forgings, uses rubber disks for shock absorption. b Nose wheel steerable through a spring loaded linkage connected to the rudder pedals. b Max travel of 40 degrees +/-2 degrees

77. Shock absorption b Low Pressure Tires b Oleo b Rubber discs or doughnuts B-19 b Steel Spring

78. Brakes b Hydraulically operated disk brakes b toe brakes, parking brake b Brake Fluid is Red