1. Chapter 3 The Criminal Justice System Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

2. The Production Process Model
Figure 3.1
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The Production Process Model
Arrest on the street
Booking
at the
stationhouse
Appearance before
a magistrate
Indictment,
trial,
sentencing
Punishment
and
corrections
Police
Courts
Corrections
If the product is defective (repeated crime occurs), it is shipped back and processed again.
Receipt of raw materials
Processing of the raw materials

3. The Wedding Cake Model 1. Celebrated Cases 2. Serious Felony
Figure 3.2
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The Wedding Cake Model
1. Celebrated
Cases
2. Serious Felony
3. Lesser Felony Cases
4. Misdemeanor Cases

4. The Adult Criminal Justice Process
Figure 3.3a
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The Adult Criminal Justice Process
What is the sequence of events in the criminal justice system?
Entry into the system
Prosecution and pretrial services
Refusal to indict
Grand jury
Unsolved
or not
arrested
Released
without prosecution
Released
without prosecution
Charges
dropped or
dismissed
Charges
dropped or
dismissed
Felonies
Reported
and
observed
crime
Information
Investi-
gation
Initial
appear-
ance
Prelim-
inary
hearing
Charges
filed
Bail or
detention
hearing
Arrest
Crime
Information
Misdemeanors
Prosecu-
tion as a
juvenile
Unsuccessful diversion
Diversion by law enforcement, prosecutor, or court
Police
juvenile unit
Waived to
criminal court
Intake
hearing
Formal juvenile
court processing
Juvenile
offenders
Informal processing
diversion
Nonpolice referrals
Released or diverted
Released or diverted

5. The Adult Criminal Justice Process
Figure 3.3b
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The Adult Criminal Justice Process
Arraignment
Adjudication
Corrections
Sentencing
and sanctions
Out of system
Out of
system
(registration,
notification)
Revocation
Released
Probation
Conviction
Acquitted
Guilty plea
Charge
dismissed
Reduction
of charge
Trial
Charge dismissed
Convicted
Disposition
Probation or other
nonresidential disposition
Residential
placement
Aftercare
Jail
Alternatives
to incarcera-
tion
Prison
Parole
Habeas
corpus
Pardon
and
clemency
Capital
punishment
Appeal

6. The Process of Bringing Crime to the Attention of Police
Figure 3.4
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The Process of Bringing Crime to the Attention of Police
1. Perception
2. Definition
3. Reporting
4. Redefinition
Recorded crime
known to the police
5. Recording
Act or situation
Source: R.F.Sparks, H. G. Genn, and D. J. Dodd, Surveying Victims: A Study of the Measurement of Criminal Victimization, Perceptions of Crime, and Attitudes to Criminal Justice (Chichester, England: Wiley, 1977) p.6.

7. The Funnel Effect of the Standard of Proof
Figure 3.5
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The Funnel Effect of the Standard of Proof
A. Decisions to be Made,
and by Whom
1. Decision to
approach a
person: police.
2. Stop and frisk: police.
3. Arrest: police, magistrates.
4. First appearance: magistrate.
5. Preliminary hearing: judge.
6. Indictment: grand jury.
7. Conviction: court and/or jury,
defendant’s guilty plea.
8. Sentence to prison: judge.
B. Legal Standard
of Proof
Articulate facts
that crime is afoot
(New York).
Reasonable suspicion.
Probable cause.
Judicial affirmation of
probable cause.
Reasonable grounds to believe
guilty (jacked-up probable cause).
Prima facie case.
Guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Judicial discretion within limits of statute.
C. Est. Probability
of Guilt NA
30%
50%
55%
74%
75%
90%
D. Number of Persons Processed
(latest available figures)
2,733,350 (1997)
2,924,800 (1994)
911,842 (1994)
Est. 419,447 (1994)