1. Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed)
Chapter 5
States of Consciousness
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers

2. States of Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment
Selective Attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
cocktail party effect

3. Sleep and Dreams Fantasy Prone Personality Circadian rhythm
imagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividness
spends considerable time fantasizing
Circadian rhythm
the biological clock
cyclical bodily rhythms
wakefulness
body temperature

4. Sleep and Dreams REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage
vivid dreams commonly occur
also know as paradoxical sleep
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active

5. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves
slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state
Delta Waves
large, slow waves of deep sleep
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences

6. Typical Nightly Sleep Stages1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Sleep
stages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM

7. Typical Nightly Sleep Stages
Hours of sleep
Minutes of
Stage 4 and
REM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 15 20 25
Decreasing
Stage 4
Increasing

8. Sleep Deprivation Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired concentration
immune suppression
irritability
slowed performance
accidents
planes
autos and trucks

9. Sleep Deprivation Accident frequency Spring time change
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change
(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change
(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,
more accidents
More sleep,
fewer accidents
Monday before time change
Monday after time change
Accident
frequency

10. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy
persistent problems in falling or staying asleep
Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks
sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inappropriate times

11. Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea Night Terrors
characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings
Night Terrors
high arousal- appearance of being terrified
usually in Stage 4, within 2-3 hours of falling asleep

12. Dreams- Freud Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
dreams viewed as wish fulfillment
discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings
Manifest Content
remembered story line of a dream
Latent Content
underlying, censored meaning of a dream

13. Dreams Information Processing View of Dreams REM Rebound
the notion that dreams help consolidate the day’s memories
stimulates neural development
REM Rebound
tendency for REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

14. Hypnosis
Hypnosis
a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur

15. Hypnosis Posthypnotic Amnesia
supposed inability to recall what one experienced during hypnosis
induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion

16. Hypnosis and Recall Memory
sometimes a relaxed, focused state can improve recall
“hypnotically refreshed” memories are unreliable
false memories or pseudomemories can be implanted
intentionally
unintentionally

17. Hypnosis
Unhypnotized persons can also do this

18. Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965) Posthypnotic Suggestion
control group instructed to “pretend”
unhypnotized subjects performed the same acts as the hypnotized ones
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors

19. Hypnosis and Pain Dissociation Hidden Observer
a split in consciousness
allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
Hidden Observer
Hilgard’s term describing a hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis

20. is being diverted from a very aversive stimulus.
Hypnosis
Divided Consciousness or Social Phenomenon?
In some way attention
is being diverted from a
very aversive stimulus.
How?
Divided-consciousness
theory:
hypnosis has caused a
split in awareness
Social influence
The subject is so caught
up in the hypnotized
Role that she can
Ignore the odor

21. Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters mood
Physical Dependence
a physiological need for a drug
marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence
a psychological need to use a drug
for example, to relieve negative emotions

22. Drug Tolerance Tolerance Withdrawal
diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug
Withdrawal
discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use of an addictive drug
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Drug dose
Drug
effect
Response to
first exposure

23. Psychoactive Drugs Depressants Stimulants
drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants
drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines

24. Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens
psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD

25. Psychoactive Drugs Barbiturates
drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

26. Psychoactive Drugs Opiates
opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

27. Psychoactive Drugs Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes

28. Psychoactive Drugs LSD THC lysergic acid diethylamide
a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid
THC
the major active ingredient in marijuana
triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

29. Psychoactive Drugs A Guide to Selected Psychoactive Drugs
Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects
Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss,
relaxation and disinhibition organ damage, impaired
reactions
Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief Depressed physiology,
from pain Agonizing withdrawal
Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, Cardiovascular stress,
confidence, energy suspiciousness,
depressive crash
Nicotine Stimulant Arouses and relaxes, sense Heart disease, cancer
of well-being (from tars)
Marijuana Mild Enhances sensation, Lowered sex hormones,
hallucinogen relieves pain, distorts time, disrupted memory, lung
relaxed high damage

30. Trends in Drug Use ‘76 ‘78 ‘80 ‘82 ‘84 ‘86 ‘88 ‘90 ‘92 ‘94 ‘96 10 2010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Year
Percentage
of high school
seniors
reporting use
Alcohol
Marijuana/
hashish
Cocaine

31. Near Death Experiences
an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations