1. Biology Midterm Review

2. Identify : 1 Producer, 3 Primary Consumers and 3 Secondary consumers

3. Why do we need enzymes? Enzymes are proteins that:
Help build new molecules
Help break down large molecules
Speed up reactions that would take too long in our bodies

4. Macromolecules Lipids: Long term storage Protein: Regulate Reactions
Carbohydrates: Quick Energy
Nucleic Acid: Stores hereditary Information
Fats, Oils, Waxes, hormones, Steroids
Enzymes, Skin, Hair, Muscle
Fruits, Vegetables, Sugars and Starches
DNA and RNA

5. Waxy leaves on plants allow the plants to keep from losing water
Waxy leaves on plants allow the plants to keep from losing water. What macromolecule would provide this waxy covering?
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid

6. Waxy leaves on plants allow the plants to keep from losing water
Waxy leaves on plants allow the plants to keep from losing water. What macromolecule would provide this waxy covering?
LIPID is correct!!!!

7. ATP is our body’s energy molecule
ATP is our body’s energy molecule. What is ATP made of and where is the energy stored?

8. ATP is Adenosine Triphosphate is made of a base of adenine and three phosphate groups. Energy is stored in the bond between the phosphate groups.

9. CHNOPS – Elements of Life
C= Carbon
H= Hydrogen
N= Nitrogen
O= Oxygen
P= Phosphorus
S= Sulfur

10. Organic / Inorganic Organic molecules contain Carbon
Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon
One exception is carbon Dioxide which contains carbon but is not considered organic

11. Saturated and Unsaturated
Saturated fats have as many hydrogen molecules attaches as possible (Bad Fat)
Unsaturated have some double bonds where hydrogens are missing (not as bad as saturated)

12. In an organic molecule diagram, the “X” represents which element?
H H H H H H – X – X - X – X – X – H H H H H H

13. In an organic molecule diagram, the “X” represents which element?
H H H H H H – X – X - X – X – X – H H H H H H The “X” represents Carbon

14. 1. Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?
Enzymes supply the oxygen necessary for the reactions. B.
Enzymes change reactants from solid to liquid during the reactions. C.
The reactions take up too much space in the cell if enzymes are missing. D.
The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing.

15. 1. Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?
D. The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing.

16. A.lipids B.monosaccharides C.nucleic acids D.proteins
Lemurs’ bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa to Madagascar. Which of the following types of molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage in the lemur?
A.lipids
B.monosaccharides
C.nucleic acids
D.proteins

17. Lemurs’ bodies are adapted to efficiently store energy for times when food is scarce. This adaptation may help to explain how lemur ancestors survived the trip across the Mozambique Channel from mainland Africa to Madagascar. Which of the following types of molecules are primarily used for long-term energy storage in the lemur?
A.lipids

18. A.carbohydrate B.protein C.fatty acid D.nucleic acid
3. In the human body, fibrinogen is necessary for sealing cuts and stopping the loss of blood. Since fibrinogen is made of chains of amino acids, it is an example of which type
A.carbohydrate
B.protein
C.fatty acid
D.nucleic acid

19. 3. In the human body, fibrinogen is necessary for sealing cuts and stopping the loss of blood. Since fibrinogen is made of chains of amino acids, it is an example of which type
B.protein

20. 4. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a plant
4. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a plant. Which of the following elements will be most abundant in the sample?
A.zinc and copper
B.sodium and chlorine
C.carbon and hydrogen
D.magnesium and calcium

21. 4. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a plant
4. A scientist is analyzing a sample of tissue from a plant. Which of the following elements will be most abundant in the sample?
C.carbon and hydrogen

22. A.enzymes B.fatty acids C.hormones D.monosaccharides
Baby food manufacturers sometimes use proteases in their products. Proteases catalyze the breakdown of the proteins in these foods, making digestion easier for infants. Proteases are which of the following types of molecules?
A.enzymes 
B.fatty acids
C.hormones 
D.monosaccharides

23. Baby food manufacturers sometimes use proteases in their products
Baby food manufacturers sometimes use proteases in their products. Proteases catalyze the breakdown of the proteins in these foods, making digestion easier for infants. Proteases are which of the following types of molecules?
A.enzymes 

24. 6. Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs
6. Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs. Which of the following best describes the molecular structure of ovalbumin?
A.a group of six carbon atoms joined in a ring
B.a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule
C.a set of three fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol
D.a sequence of nitrogenous bases attached to a sugar-phosphate backbone

25. B.a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule
6. Ovalbumin is a protein found in eggs. Which of the following best describes the molecular structure of ovalbumin?
B.a chain of amino acids folded and twisted into a molecule

26. A.amino acids B.monosaccharides C.nucleic acids D.polypeptides
7. When lactose is digested by the human body, each lactose molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. To which of the following categories of molecules do these smaller molecules belong?
A.amino acids
B.monosaccharides
C.nucleic acids
D.polypeptides

27. 7. When lactose is digested by the human body, each lactose molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. To which of the following categories of molecules do these smaller molecules belong?
B.monosaccharides

28. A.amino acids B.monosaccharides C.nucleic acids D.polypeptides
7. When lactose is digested by the human body, each lactose molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. To which of the following categories of molecules do these smaller molecules belong?
A.amino acids
B.monosaccharides
C.nucleic acids
D.polypeptides

29. 8. A diagram of an organic molecule is below Which element is found at the positions marked by the dots (•) in the molecule?
A.carbon

30. Osmosis is the diffusion of water
Osmosis is the diffusion of water. What happens to a cell in Isotonic, Hypertonic or Hypotonic solutions?

32. Carbon Cycle Photosynthesis CO2+ H2O Glucose and O2 Cell respiration
Glucose and O CO2+ H2O

33. Two Equations

34. What Are the Main Characteristics of organisms?
Made of CELLS
Require ENERGY (food)
REPRODUCE (species)
Maintain HOMEOSTASIS
ORGANIZED
RESPOND to environment
GROW and DEVELOP
EXCHANGE materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases)
copyright cmassengale

35. The Cell Theory Complete
The 3 Basic Components of the Cell Theory were now complete:
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)( )
2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things. (Schleiden & Schwann)( )
3. All cells are produced by the division of preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858)

36. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

37. Which one would divide more quickly? Give one reason why.
Prokaryote
Eukaryote

38. Eukaryotes are more complex, have more organelles, are larger, have more DNA to copy… so they typically take longer to divide.
Prokaryote
Eukaryote

39. Examples: Prokaryote = Bacteria Eukaryotes = Plants or animals

40. Active and Passive Transport
Passive = No ATP energy used
Active = Needs ATP
Diffusion
Osmosis (water diffusion)
Both go from high concentration to low concentration or Where it is crowded to where it is less crowded
Also known as WITH the Concentration Gradient
Protein Pumps
Bulk Movement like endocytosis and exocytosis
Both need energy to move across a membrane or from low concentration to High concentration
Also known as AGAINST the Concentration Gradient

41. Passive Transport
Uses NO Energy

42. Active Transport
Requires ATP

43. copyright cmassengale
The Plasma Membrane
4/21/2017
Cells in Solutions
copyright cmassengale
G. Podgorski, Biol. 1010

44. Types of Endocytosis
Phagocytosis: Cellular eating. Ex: White blood cells get rid of bacteria. Protective
Pinocytosis: Absorption function, droplets are surrounded and taken in. Ex: dissolved protein or fat
Receptor-mediated:Taking up target molecules, proteins bind only with certain molecules. Ex: hormones, cholesterol, iron and sometimes viruses get in this way

46. Data Qualitative Quantitative Color Texture Design Shape Taste Feel
Sound
Can be described but has no numerical value
Mass
Temperature
Length
Volume
Width
Depth
How many
Can be measures in numbers

47. Variables Dependent Independent The variable you measure
It changes as a result of what you do as a treatment
This variable “depends “ on what you do.
Example: Growth rate when more fertilizer is given
This variable will stay the same throughout the experiment
It is not effected by the treatment
Example: The temperature or amount of sunlight when you measure the effect of fertilizer.

48. Experimental Groups Treatment Control
This group has something done to them
This group has all of the same conditions as the treatment group EXCEPT no treatment.

49. Levels of Organization

50. Limits to Population Density Dependent Density Independent
More effect with large populations:
Disease
Competition
Predators
Parasites
Effects would be a problem no matter how large or small the population is.
Tsunami
Earthquake
Seasonal changes
Extreme weather

51. Organic or Inorganic?
Organic means that something has the element carbon in it. Living things have carbon and so they are considered organic.
Inorganic: Nonliving things, generally lack carbon and are considered inorganic. The one exception is carbon dioxide it is inorganic and contains carbon

52. Autotroph and Heterotroph
Autotrophs produce their own food.
Heterotrophs ingest their food.
These methods both provide an organism with the necessary nutrients to live.
Assimilation: is how these nutrients become part of the organism.

53. 8 Characteristics of Life
1. Made of One or More Cells
2. Reproduce
3. Based on Genetic Code (DNA)
4. Grow and Develop
5. Obtain and Use Nutrients and Energy
6. Respond to Environment
7. Maintain Stable Internal Environment
8. Evolve or Change Over Time

54. 1. Made of One or More Cells
A cell is a living unit enclosed by a barrier called a membrane
Unicellular = 1 cell
Multicellular= More than one cell
Some cells are specialized and have specific jobs.
Cells can grow, reproduce and respond to environment

55. 2. Reproduce
Sexual – cells from 2 different parents unite to form the first cell of the new organism
Asexual – One parent can divide or bud to form two organisms that are identical

56. 3. Based on Genetic Code
Inherited traits are carried by DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
Asexual reproduction provides one set of traits
Sexual reproduction combines the traits of 2 parents

57. 4. Grow and Develop a.) GROWTH: increase in size & shape
b.) DEVELOPMENT: mature over time
c.) living things have a lifespan
Growth
Development

58. 5. Living Things Use & Need Energy
a.) energy comes from food, used to maintain body b.) AUTOTROPH: produce own food c.) HETEROTROPH: must consume food d.) DECOMPOSER: breaks down dead material for food

59. 6. Respond to Environment
Responds to a stimulus or signal
External =light, temperature, gravity
Internal = Blood sugar, CO

60. 7. Maintain Stable Internal Environment
Homeostasis- keeping internal conditions balanced to survive
Examples: temperature and water
How? Feedback mechanisms, like a thermostat on a furnace

61. 8. Evolve and Change Over Time
Individuals may experience many changes in their life span but their basic traits are the same.
As a group a species will change over time and the general traits will be different.

62. Levels of Organization
Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome

63. Individual
The same species can breed and have fertile offspring

64. Population
Many of the same species living in a specific place

65. Community
The popuations of living organisms that are found in specific area

66. Ecosystems
The Biotic and Abiotic factors found in a given area

67. Biome
A group of ecosystems within a certain climate containing specific dominant species.

68. Ecological Succession
Primary succession- happens when species grow in locations where organisms have never previously existed. Specifically, on surfaces where no soil existed.
Ex: pavement, volcanic eruption, glacial retreat, sand dunes
Secondary succession- occurs after an ecosystem disturbance. When the disturbance is over, the community tends to go back to its original state.
Ex: wild fires

69. Primary vs. Secondary No soil Pioneer species
Weathering & decomposition
Humus and sand increase over time
End = climax community
Soil already exists
Seeds have suitable soil conditions.
Occurs much faster
Climax community.

70. Primary Succession: Sand Dune to Forest
Dune grassescottonwoods+shrubsevergreensoaksbeeches maples

71. Pond Succession
Abandoned field succession

72. Pond→marsh→dry land/grasses →shrubs→forest

73. Students in a biology laboratory are monitoring the rate at which hydrogen peroxide breaks down to produce water and oxygen gas. They begin monitoring a sample of hydrogen peroxide and then add catalase, an enzyme that speeds up its breakdown. Their data are shown in the table below. Based on the data in this table, during which of the following time periods did the students add the catalase to the hydrogen peroxide? A.between 0.0 and 0.5 min B.between 1.0 and 1.5 min C.between 2.0 and 2.5 min D.between 2.5 and 3.0 min
Time (min) Rate of Hydrogen Peroxide Breakdown(mol/min)
        
,970,
,001,
,985,
,021,         

74. Students in a biology laboratory are monitoring the rate at which hydrogen peroxide breaks down to produce water and oxygen gas. They begin monitoring a sample of hydrogen peroxide and then add catalase, an enzyme that speeds up its breakdown. Their data are shown in the table below. Based on the data in this table, during which of the following time periods did the students add the catalase to the hydrogen peroxide? B.between 1.0 and 1.5 min
Time (min) Rate of Hydrogen Peroxide Breakdown(mol/min)
        
,970,
,001,
,985,
,021,         

75. 10. Some bacteria live in hot springs
10. Some bacteria live in hot springs. Their cells contain enzymes that function best at temperatures of 70°C or higher. At a temperature of 50°C, how will the enzymes in these bacterial cells most likely be affected?
A.The enzymes will be destroyed by lysosomes.
B.The enzymes will lose their bond structure and fall apart.
C.The enzymes will require less energy to function than at 70°C.
D.The enzymes will not increase the rate of reactions as much as they would at 70°C.

76. 10. Some bacteria live in hot springs
10. Some bacteria live in hot springs. Their cells contain enzymes that function best at temperatures of 70°C or higher. At a temperature of 50°C, how will the enzymes in these bacterial cells most likely be affected?
D.The enzymes will not increase the rate of reactions as much as they would at 70°C.

77. Mallory has four aquatic plants of the same size and species
Mallory has four aquatic plants of the same size and species. She submerges each plant in a separate beaker filled with 200 mL of water. She then sets each beaker under a different intensity of light. Mallory observes that, of the four plants, the plant in the beaker under the most intense light gives off the most gas bubbles in a 20 min period. Which of the following statements best explains Mallory’s observations?
A.Cells decompose most quickly under the most intense light. 
B.Water evaporates from plants fastest under the most intense light.
C.Photosynthesis occurs at the highest rate under the most intense light. 
D.Gases in the leaves of plants expand most under the most intense light.

78. Mallory has four aquatic plants of the same size and species
Mallory has four aquatic plants of the same size and species. She submerges each plant in a separate beaker filled with 200 mL of water. She then sets each beaker under a different intensity of light. Mallory observes that, of the four plants, the plant in the beaker under the most intense light gives off the most gas bubbles in a 20 min period. Which of the following statements best explains Mallory’s observations?
C. Photosynthesis occurs at the highest rate under the most intense light. 

79. The class sets up an experiment with the four flasks as shown.
bromthymol blue (a chemical indicator that changes color from blue to yellow as the level of carbon dioxide in a solution increases)
The class sets up an experiment with the four flasks as shown.
Flask 1: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue, plant Flask 2: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue, 2 small fish Flask 3: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue, 2 small fish, plant Flask 4: 100 mL water, 1 mL bromthymol blue
                               
Flask 1
Flask 2
Flask 3
Flask 4
All four flasks are stoppered and placed under the floodlight.
What color would the solution in each flask be after a few hours?
Explain how the processes that have occurred in each flask result in the observed color of the bromthymol blue solutions.

80. What color would the solution in each flask be after a few hours?
1. Blue
2. Yellow
3. Green
4. Blue

81. Explain how the processes that have occurred in each flask result in the observed color of the bromthymol blue solutions
Flask 1: The plants take in Carbon Dioxide and give off Oxygen during photosynthesis, so it would remain blue
Flask 2: The fish take in Oxygen and give off Carbon Dioxide during cellular respiration so the solution would turn yellow

82. Explain how the processes that have occurred in each flask result in the observed color of the bromthymol blue solutions
Flask 3: The plants are giving off Oxygen while the fish are giving off Carbon Dioxide so the solution would be green
Flask 4: This is the control solution without any treatment except bromthymol blue so it would remain unchanged, blue.