1. MOOD CHOICES

2. INTERPERSONAL METAFUCTION OFFER US: Resources for interacting with language. Resources for giving and demanding information or good and services. Resources for modulating our messages.

3. Giving information Statements - You give information This is a dog.

4. Demanding information Questions - You want information Who owns this dog ?

5. Giving Goods and services Offers- You offer the doing of action. Let me get this dog out from here.

6. Demanding Good and services Commands - You want something done. Get this dog out now !

7. TYPE OF INTERACTION: Two types of interaction:  COMMODITY Exchanging information Exchanging good and services Two roles in the interaction:  SPEECH ROLES Giving ( information or goods and services) Demanding ( information or goods and services) COMMODITY EXCHANGED SPEECH ROLEInformationGoods and services GivingStatementOffer DemandingQuestionCommand Four basic Speech Functions

8. The mood system enables us to make statements, ask questions and give commands.

9. MOOD SYSTEM It is the mood system the one which selects between imperative, declarative and interrogative moods. The mood system comprises two main components: SUBJECT FINITE They combine to make the mood of the clause The order of subject and finite is a grammatical sign of the kind of exchange that is taking place

10. Realization of speech functions: Speech FunctionTypical clause Mood Non – Typical Clause Mood StatementDeclarativeTagged declarative QuestionInterrogativeModulated declarative OfferModulated interrogative Imperative declarative CommandImperativeModulated interrogative – Declarative

11. Exchanging INFORMATION

12. Statements

13. Statements are used to provide information, make remarks, assertions and so on. Most written texts and oral presentations consist mainly of statements, unless there is a deliberate effort to interact with the audience.

14. The Declarative Mood: Mood system for statements I have a pet dog. SUBJECT Finite ( fused with predicator) S^F

15. Questions are formed by inverting the subject and the Finite. Questions

16. Types of Questions

17. Yes/No Questions Do you want to come to my house ? Finite subject F^S

18. Who, What, Where, when, How and Why Where were you last night ? Finite Subject Wh - Wh^S^F

19. Question Tags You’re his friend, aren’t you ? Finite Subject Declarative Mood

20. Modality

21. Modulating our messages: Modality : Modalization ( exchanging information) Information is something that can be affirmed or denied. But these two poles are not the only possibilities. In between there are a number of choices of degree of certainty, or of usuality. Modalization involves the expression of two kinds of meaning: Probability : judgments about the likelihood or probability of something happening or being Usuality: judgments about frequency with which something happen or is.

22. Modalization is used to interact with others in a number of degrees

23. How do we express modalization?. Through modals – might, may, can Through mood adjuncts: possibly, perhaps ( in MOOD) Through metaphors of modality : I’m sure/ I think/ I reckon – considered as adjuncts Thought objective metaphors of modality: It is possible that/ It is probable that / It is certain that…

24. can, could, should, ought, would, may, might, must, will Modals Mood adjuncts: certainly, surely, probably, perhaps, maybe, possible, definitely, positively

25. Modal Adjuncts Modal adjuncts express a writer’s judgement regarding the ‘truth’ of the proposition. They typically appear just before or after the finite or a preposition.

26. certainly, surely, probably, perhaps, maybe, possible, definitely, positively Probability or Obligation

27. always, often, usually, regularly, typically, occasionally, seldom, rarely, ever, never, once Usuality

28. just, simply, ever, only, really, actually, seriously quite, almost, nearly, totally, entirely, utterly, completely, literally, absolutely, scarcely, hardly Intensity

29. gladly willinglyreadily Inclination

30. evidently, apparently, presumably, clearly, no doubt, obviously, of course, personally, honestly Presumption

31. quite, almost, nearly, totally, entirely, utterly, completely, literally, absolutely, scarcely, hardly, on the whole, provisionally Degree

32. Modal Auxiliaries primary Auxiliary verbs are divided into primary auxiliaries (be, have, do) and Modal Modal auxiliaries (can, may, shall, must, ought to, need,)

33. can, could, should, ought, would, may, might, must, will Modals

34. Modality can also be seen as the distance from yes to no. It adds probability, certainty or usuality. Modality is often expressed by verbs, modal verbs including can, could, will, would, shall, should, ought to, must, may and might.

35. The Distance from Yes to No

36. Cigarettes are bad for you Cigarettes must be bad for you. Cigarettes can be bad for you. Cigarettes could be bad for you. Cigarettes may be bad for you. Cigarettes might be bad for you. Cigarettes might not be bad for you. Cigarettes may not be bad for you. Cigarettes could not be bad for you. Cigarettes cannot be bad for you. Cigarettes should not be bad for you. Cigarettes are not bad for you. Yes NoNoNoNo

37. Cigarettes are bad for you Cigarettes must be bad for you. Cigarettes can be bad for you. Cigarettes could be bad for you. Cigarettes may be bad for you. Cigarettes might be bad for you. Cigarettes might not be bad for you. Cigarettes may not be bad for you. Cigarettes could not be bad for you. Cigarettes cannot be bad for you. Cigarettes should not be bad for you. Cigarettes are not bad for you. High(positive) Low (positive) Low (negative) High (negative)

38. Exchanging Good and Services

39. OFFERS: There is no specific mood system for offers Expressed typically by a modulated interrogative It borrows the structure of a question – interrogative mood ( finite before subject) Would you like me to do it for you ? Would you like a cup of tea?

40. Commands are used to get things done or to obtain goods or services. Commands are usually used in oral interactions, though they can be found in written procedures (such as instructions) or in dialogue.

41. The Imperative Mood: Mood system for commands. Get this dog away from me ! Predicator No S &F

42. Different ways of demanding demanding goods and services With Finite Do read the bostonians With Subject You read “the bostonians” With let ( as subject) Let’s read Henry James - you read Henry James With predicator Read henry James

43. If we want to be polite or make a gentle request, we might use a question as a command Will you get me a cup of tea ?

44. Statements can be made to imply a request The phone is ringing.

45. Would you pass the salt, please ? MODULATED INTERROGATIVES FOR COMMANDS

46. Would you mind helping the kids ?

47. Modulating our messages: Modality : Modulation( exchanging good and services) There are many ways of using language to get people to do things for us…. You shouldn’t take my copy of “ The Bostonians” We must read “The Bostonians” You are obliged to read Henry James You are required to read Henry James Modulated finites expressing obligation or necessity Modulation expressed in the predicator – Obligation and necessity Or of offering to do things for them. I want to lend you “The Bostonians” I’d like to lend you “ the Bostonians” I’m willing to lend you “The Bostonians” I’m happy to lend you “The Bostonians” I’m determined to lend you “ The Bostonians”

48. There are many ways of using language to get people to do things for us…. You shouldn’t take my copy of “ The Bostonians” We must read “The Bostonians” You are obliged to read Henry James You are required to read Henry James Modulated finites expressing obligation or necessity Modulation expressed in the predicator – Obligation and necessity Or of offering to do things for them. I want to lend you “The Bostonians” I’d like to lend you “ the Bostonians” I’m willing to lend you “The Bostonians” I’m happy to lend you “The Bostonians” I’m determined to lend you “ The Bostonians” Speech Function: command Structure: Declarative Inclination Modulating our messages: Modality : Modulation( exchanging good and services)

49. Polite Expressions When we request something from someone or invite someone to do something, we use a polite form of address rather than a command. We are modulating our messages

50. Requests (Please) pass the sugar. Would you (please) pass the sugar ? Will you (please) pass the sugar ? Could you (please) pass the sugar ? May I (please) have the sugar ? Can I (please) have the sugar ? Would you mind passing the sugar (please) ?

51. Invitations Please come to my party. Would you come to my party (please) ? Will you come to my party (please) ? Could you come to my party (please) ? Won’t you come to my party (please) ? Would you like to come to my party ?