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Chapter 20 Section 1
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Key Terms Old Order Louis XVI Marie-Antoinette First Estate Second Estate Third Estate Boureoisie Sans culottes Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen Radical
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Inequalities in Society Old Order-social and political structure that created inequalities King was at the top and three groups called estates were under him King Louis XVI was the king at the time Lived extravancantly
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Inequalities in Society Lived at Versailles Marie Antoinette was from Austria (enemy of France) She was unpopular Frivolous and self indulgent Wore fancy clothes, lavish parties
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Inequalities if Society Most people wore rags First Estate Roman Catholic clergy 1 percent of the population Clergy had several privileges since the Middle Ages Only the church courts could try priests or bishops
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Inequalities in Society Did not have to pay taxes Land that belonged to the church was not taxed Church owned 10% of France’s land Bishops and clergy became very wealthy Many people resented the wealth and priviledge
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Second Estate Made up of nobility Less than 2 percent of the population Controlled much of the country’s wealth Paid few taxes Held key positions in government and military
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Second Estate Many lived in country estates Peasants did all the work Charged high fees and rents Some lived at the king’s court Lived in luxury, jobs ceremonial
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Third Estate Largest group 97% of the people Made up of several groups Bourgeoisie- top, city dwelling merchants, factory owners and professionals Some very educated and rich Did not buy influence of government
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Third Estate Next were artisans- shoemakers, bricklayers, dress makers laborers If they had no work they went hungry Sans culottes-”without knee beeches
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Third Estate At the bottom peasants who farmed Paid rents and fees to landowners Paid 1/10 of income to the church Performed labor like working on the roads without pay Peasants were miserably poor with no hope of a better life
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Enlightenment Ideas Social inequality driving people to revolt Enlightenment ideas were inspiring revolution Bourgeoisie- knew of Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu Great Britain limited the kings power
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Enlightenment Ideas American colonists had rebelled against the king
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A Financial Crisis Third cause for revolution France was deeply in debt Borrowed huge sums of money Some for American Revolution King spent lavishly
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A Financial Crisis 1787 King Louis XVI tried too tax the Second Estate Nobles refused to pay King backed down Year later country faced bankruptcy Half the taxes covered the debt
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Financial Crisis Winter of 1788 was the worst in years Frozen rivers could not turn mill wheels Food and firewood were scarce Hunger and cold made life wretched for thousands
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Financial Crisis Country was broke People were hungry Eliminating tax exemptions for the First and Second Estate would have helped Clergy and nobility resisted all efforts
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Meeting of the Estates General Estates General made up the three estates Wanted to approve new taxes on the third estate August 1788 Louis agreed to the meeting Had not met in 175 years Wrote notebooks to document grievances
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Meeting of the Estates General People wanted the Estates to pass sweeping reforms Each Estate had one vote First and Second usually voted together Enlightenment philosophers gave Third Estate feeling of importance
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Meeting of the Estates General King went over voting rules Third Estate which had more representatives refused the king’s order June 1789 Third Estate proclaimed themselves legislature National Assembly had the right to make laws
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Meeting of Estates General King locked the Third estate out of the meeting Third Estate met indoors at a tennis court Swore the Tennis court Oath Would not leave the court till they wrote a constitution Louis allowed each representative a vote
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The Storming of the Bastille Louis ordered troops to Paris and Versailles National Assembly feared the king would use violence Paris had sympathy for the national Assembly and started to arm themselves
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Storming the Bastille July 14, 1789 a mob went to the Bastille looking for weapons Mob tried to negotiate with the commander Mob and prison guard exchanged fire Mob killed the commander and put his head on a stick
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The Spread of Fear Storming the Bastille was a powerful symbol of the French Revolution They feared the king would punish them Spread rumors the king had hired foreign soldiers
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The Spread of Fear Great Fear swept France Rumors of massacres spread Peasants took revenge on landowners Destroyed records listing feudal dues and rents Burned nobles homes
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Legislating New Rights 1789 National Assembly eliminated al feudal dues and services Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen- basic principles Equality Liberty Fraternity (brotherhood)
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Legislating New Rights Inspired by English Bill of Rights American Declaration of Independence Writings of Enlightenment philosophers All men are born equal and remain equal
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Restrictions on Power Louis called troops to Versailles to protect his throne Angered the common people of Paris 7,000 women march on Versailles demanding bread Mob broke into the palace
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Restrictions on Power Seized the royal family National Assembly seized church lands Sold them off to pay France’s debt All religious orders were disbanded Turned the clergy into public employees
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Formation of New Government 1791 National Assembly complete constitution New legislative body- Legislative Assembly Citizens gained broad voting rights Taxpaying men at least 25 years Kept monarchy severely restricted
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Formation of a New Government June 1791 king and queen try to flee Put on disguises fled Paris Recognized and brought back Tuileries Palace
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Intervention of Foreign Powers July 1792 Austria and Prussia warn against harming French Monarchs Hinted at war Austria sent 50,000 troop to the French border Legislative Assembly declared war
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Intervention of Foreign Powers Financial strain, food shortages, high prices Foreign troops marching toward the city led to unrest Blamed the army’s defeat on the king Parisians feared gains of revolution would be undone
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The End of the Monarchy August 1792 mob slaughters the guards of Tuileries castle Louis, Marie and her children demoted to commoners Legislative Assembly voted itself out of existence August radical faction
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The End of the Monarchy National convention abolishes the monarchy Makes France a republic National Convention met France won a victory French Republic held its ground against the old order
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