1. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 7

2. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Habits that have gotten out of control, with a resulting negative effect on a person’s health. Addiction is the habitual use of a drug produced chemical changes in the user’s body. Drug Addiction (four important characteristics) 1. Compulsive desire 2. Need to increase the dosage 3. Harmful effects to the individual 4. Harm to society 2

3. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Often starts to bring pleasure or to avoid pain. Harmless or even beneficial if done in moderation Examples of addictive behaviors: Gambling Compulsive Exercising Work Addiction Sex and love addiction Compulsive buying or shopping Internet addiction Characteristics of people with addition (e.g., risk takers or genetic disposition) 3

4. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Drugs are chemicals other than food that are intended to affect the structure or function of the body Prescription medicines Over-the-counter substances Caffeine Tobacco Alcohol Illegal substances 4

5. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The APA’s Diagnostics and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – authoritative reference Abuse APA definition Failure to fulfill major responsibilities Drug use in situations that are hazardous Drug related legal problems Drug use despite persistent social or interpersonal problems Physically dependent may or may not present 5

6. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Substance dependence 1. Developing tolerance to the substance 2. Experiencing withdrawal 3. Taking in larger amounts 4. Expressing a persistent desire to cut down 5. Spending great deal of time obtaining 6. Giving up or reducing important activities 7. Continual usage even with recognition of a problem Diagnosed with at least 3 or more symptoms during a 12-month period 6

7. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. All income and education levels All ethnic groups All ages Young people are at a higher risk Males (Twice as likely) Troubled adolescent Thrill-seeker Dysfunctional families Peer group or family that accepts Low Socioeconomical status Dating young 7

8. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Experiment Escape Reliance Magnification of residence (i.e. the need for escape from poverty becomes more compelling) 8

9. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Psychological risks Difficulty in controlling impulses Strong need for excitement Feelings of rejection Hostility Aggression Anxiety Mental illness Dual (co-occurring disorders) 9

10. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Social Factors Growing up in a family with drug abuse Peer group Poverty 10

11. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Intoxication Side effects Unknown Drug constituents Risks associated with injection drug use Legal consequences 11

12. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.  Changes in Brain chemistry  Drug factors: Pharmacological properties Dose-Response function Time-action function Drug use history Method of use (e.g., inhalation, injection, ingest) 12

13. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 13 Chapter 7 Opioids (narcotics) Natural or synthetic (laboratory-made) Opium, morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, meperidine, and fentanly Effects on the body: induced euphoria Methods of administration Injection, snorting, sniffing or smoking Symptoms of overdose: respiratory depression, coma, constriction of the pupils, or death.

14. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 14 Chapter 7 Slow down the overall activity of the CNS Sedative-hypnotics Types: barbiturates, valium, methaqualone, GHB Effects on the body: reduce anxiety, impair muscle coordination, induce drowsiness Medical uses: Treat insomnia and anxiety disorders; control seizures From use to abuse (“Club Drugs”) Overdosing may result in respiratory complications

15. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 15 Chapter 7 Speed up the activity of the nervous or muscular system Cocaine Methods of use (snort or injection; mixed with baking soda and water to form crack) Effects (euphoria sensation for ~5 to 20 minutes) Use during pregnancy (consequences include: miscarriage, premature labor, stillbirth, and low-birth-weight baby)

16. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 16 Chapter 7 Amphetamines Effects (increase in alertness) Dependence (may lead to the development of a temporary state of paranoid psychosis or delusion) Ritalin (used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Ephedrine (a less potent form of amphetamines) Caffeine

17. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 17 Chapter 7

18. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 18 Chapter 7 Cannabis Sativa THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) Short term effects and uses: euphoria, increases in sensation, relaxed attitude Long-term effects and uses: respiratory damage such as impaired lung function and chronic bronchial irritation

19. ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 19 Chapter 7 Altered state of consciousness, perceptions, feelings and thoughts LSD, Mascaline, DMT, MDMA, Ketamine, PCP (angel dust), and certain mushrooms Altered states of consciousness Flashbacks are perceptual distortions and bizarre thoughts that occur after the drug has been entirely eliminated from the body.

20. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Nearly all inhalants produce effects similar to those of anesthetics, slow down the bodies functions Volatile solvents Nitrates Anesthetics Methods of use Sniffing Snorting “Bagging” “Huffing” 20

21. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Medication-assisted treatment Drug substitution Treatment centers Self-help groups and peer counseling Harm reduction strategies Codependency 21

22. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Governmental attempts Anti-drug education programs Indirect approaches Young people’s self-esteem Improve academic skills Increase recreational opportunities Direct approaches Information about the adverse effects Peer pressure resistance 22

23. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Issues What are the risks involved? Is using the drug compatible with your goals? What are your ethical beliefs about drug use? What are the financial costs? Are you trying to solve deeper problem? 23

24. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Bored? Stressed? Shy or lonely? Feeling low on self-esteem? Depressed or anxious? Apathetic or lethargic? Searching for meaning? Afraid to say no? Still feeling peer pressure? 24

25. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J46pvxFWNTY ©2008 McGraw-Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. 25 Chapter 7

26. © 2010 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter 7 Connect Assignment Due Tuesday, March 3 rd