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The Skeletal System
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The Skeleton Supports the body Protects internal organs
Aids in movement Stores minerals Make blood cells The Skeleton
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The Skeleton 206 bones Bone is living tissue
Contains living bone cells, blood vessels and nerves. Bone marrow stores fat and makes blood cells Bone starts out as cartilage and ossifies into bone. The Skeleton
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Figure 36-3 The Structure of Bone
Section 36-1 Spongy bone compact bone Periosteum Bone marrow Haversian canal Compact bone Osteocyte Artery Vein
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Joints Elastic ligaments hold bones together at joints.
Cartilage protects bones at joints. Hinge joints – elbow and knee Ball and socket joint – shoulder and hip Pivot joint – neck Gliding joint – wrist and ankle Joints
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Section 36-1 Muscle Tendon Femur Patella Bursa Ligament Synovial fluid
Cartilage Fat Fibula Tibia
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Skeletal Disorders Arthritis – inflammation of joints
Osteoporosis – mineral loss; weakening Sprains – ligaments are stretched or torn. Skeletal Disorders
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Muscular System
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Muscular Tissue The only tissue that contracts. Three types:
Skeletal = attached to bones; voluntary Cardiac = in the heart; involuntary Smooth = make up digestive tract, blood vessels and other organs; involuntary Muscular Tissue
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Section 36-2
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Protein fibers called actin and myosin slide over each other.
This requires lots of energy. Muscle cells have lots of mitochondria, like nerve cells. Muscle Contraction
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Muscles contract when nerves tell them to.
Muscle Contraction
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Movement Inelastic tendons attach muscle to bone.
Muscles can only pull, not push. Muscles work in opposing pairs to move a bone. One muscle bends the joint and another muscle straightens the joint. Movement
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Movement Movement Section 36-2 Biceps (relaxed) Biceps (contracted)
Triceps (contracted) Triceps (relaxed)
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Regular exercise keeps the muscles in a partial state of contraction called muscle tone.
This is important to survival. Muscle Tone
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Integumentary System Hair, skin, nails
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Skin First line of defense against disease.
Helps regulate body temperature. Aids in waste removal (excretion). Protects against UV radiation. Skin
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Section 36-3
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UV radiation can cause mutations in skin cells resulting in abnormal growth.
The tendency towards skin cancer is hereditary. Skin Cancer
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Hair provides protection from UV radiation and filters particulates from the nose, ear and eyes.
Hairs as well as attached skin cells are used as forensic evidence. Nails grow from the base called the root. Some nails get invaded by a fungus and look nasty. Hair and Nails
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