Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Chapter 6: The Integumentary System
2
Overview
3
Key Terms apocrine epidermis melanin alopecia erythema melanocyte
arrector pili exfoliation scar cerumen follicle sebaceous cicatrix integument sebum cyanosis jaundice stratum dermatitis keloid subcutaneous dermis keratin sudoriferous eccrine lesion
4
Structure of the Skin Learning Outcomes
1. Name and describe the layers of the skin. 2. Describe the subcutaneous layer.
5
The Integumentary System
Composed of two parts Skin Associated structures
6
Structure of the Skin The skin consists of two layers Epidermis Dermis
Underneath and supporting the dermis is the subcutaneous layer.
7
Structure of the Skin Epidermis Location Description Function
Outermost portion of skin Composed mostly of stratified squamous epithelium Avascular Composed of several layers Stratum corneum Most superficial Highly keratinized Constantly shed Stratum basale Deepest Produces new epithelial cells Protection from wear and tear, injury, and harmful substances Melanin protects from UV radiation
8
Structure of the Skin Dermis Location Description Function
Beneath epidermis Composed of connective tissue Vascular Contains accessory structures Hair follicles Sebaceous glands Sudoriferous glands Sensory receptors Blood vessels Protection Nourishment of epidermis Skin elasticity Sensory perception
9
Structure of the Skin Subcutaneous Layer Location Description Function
Beneath dermis Composed of loose connective tissue with large amounts of adipose tissue Has blood vessels and nerve endings Connects skin to underlying muscle Insulation Temperature regulation Sensory perception
10
Figure 6-1 Cross-section of the skin.
How is the epidermis supplied with oxygen and nutrients? What tissue is located beneath the skin?
11
Figure 6-2 Microscopic view of thin skin.
11
12
Figure 6-3 Upper portion of the skin.
12
13
Structure of the Skin 13
14
✓ Structure of the Skin Checkpoints 6-1 What is the name of the system that comprises the skin and all its associated structures? 6-2 Moving from the superficial to the deeper layer, what are the names of the two layers of the skin? 6-3 What is the composition of the subcutaneous layer? 14
15
? Structure of the Skin Pop Quiz
6.1 Where do new epidermal cells come from? Subcutaneous layer Stratum basale Stratum corneum Dermis
16
? Structure of the Skin Pop Quiz Answer
6.1 Where do new epidermal cells come from? Subcutaneous layer Stratum basale Stratum corneum Dermis
17
Accessory Structures of the Skin
Learning Outcome 3. Give the location and function of the accessory structures of the integumentary system.
18
Accessory Structures of the Skin
Help protect the skin and give it more functions Include: Sebaceous oil glands Sudoriferous glands Hair Nails
19
Accessory Structures of the Skin
Glands Structure Description Function Sebaceous (oil) glands Saclike glands associated with hair follicles Secrete sebum, an oily substance that lubricates and water proofs the skin Sudoriferous (sweat) glands Coiled glands that vent directly to the skin surface or through hair follicles Release perspiration to cool body by evaporation Eliminate some soluble wastes
20
Accessory Structures of the Skin
Hair and Nails Structure Description Function Hair Composed of keratin Develops in a follicle Grows from base of follicle Follicle Shaft Root Arrector pili muscle Conserve heat when raised by arrector pili muscles Stimulates secretion of sebum Nails Cover distal end of fingers and toes Grow from proximal end Plate Lunula Protection Help in grasping objects
21
Figure 6-4 Portion of skin showing associated glands and hair.
How do the sebaceous glands and apocrine sweat glands secrete to the outside? What kind of epithelium makes up the sweat glands? 21
22
Figure 6-5 Nail structure.
22
23
Accessory Structures of the Skin
23
24
Accessory Structures of the Skin
✓ Accessory Structures of the Skin Checkpoints 6-4 What is the name of the skin glands that produce an oily secretion? 6-5 What is the scientific name for the sweat glands? 6-6 What is the name of the sheath in which a hair develops? 6-7 Where are the active cells that produce a nail located? 24
25
Accessory Structures of the Skin
? Accessory Structures of the Skin Pop Quiz 6.2 The maintenance of constant body temperature would be difficult without the actions of the Apocrine glands Meibomian glands Sebaceous glands Eccrine glands
26
Accessory Structures of the Skin
? Accessory Structures of the Skin Pop Quiz Answer 6.2 The maintenance of constant body temperature would be difficult without the actions of the Apocrine glands Meibomian glands Sebaceous glands Eccrine glasses
27
Functions of the Integumentary System
Learning Outcome 4. List the main functions of the integumentary system.
28
Functions of the Integumentary System
Four major functions: Protection against infection Protection against dehydration (drying) Regulation of body temperature Collection of sensory information
29
Functions of the Integumentary System
Protection Against Infection Intact skin forms a primary barrier against invasion. Interlocking pattern resists penetration. Shedding removes pathogens. Protects against bacterial toxins Protects against some harmful environmental chemicals
30
Functions of the Integumentary System
Protection Against Dehydration Skin prevents water loss by evaporation. Keratin in the epidermis Sebum release from the sebaceous glands
31
Functions of the Integumentary System
Regulation of Body Temperature Loss of excess heat and protection from cold are important functions of the skin. Constriction of blood vessels Dilation of blood vessels Evaporation of perspiration
32
Functions of the Integumentary System
Collection of Sensory Information Skin has many nerve endings and other special receptors. Free nerve endings Touch receptors (Meissner corpuscle) Deep pressure receptors (Pacinian corpuscle)
33
Functions of the Integumentary System
Other Activities of the Skin Absorption of substances such as medications Excretion Water Electrolytes Wastes Manufacture of vitamin D
34
Functions of the Integumentary System
✓ Functions of the Integumentary System Checkpoints 6-8 What two substances produced in the skin help to prevent dehydration? 6-9 What two mechanisms involving the skin are used to regulate temperature? 34
35
Functions of the Integumentary System
? Functions of the Integumentary System Pop Quiz 6.3 Which of the following is NOT a function of skin? Respiration Excretion Sensation Thermoregulation
36
Functions of the Integumentary System
? Functions of the Integumentary System Pop Quiz Answer 6.3 Which of the following is NOT a function of skin? Respiration Excretion Sensation Thermoregulation
37
Observations of the Skin
Learning Outcome 5. Summarize the information to be gained by observation of the skin.
38
Observation of the Skin
Skin attributes can indicate a serious systemic disorder. Some attributes are: Color Presence of lesions Presence of burns
39
Observation of the Skin
Color Factors that influence skin color include: Melanin Hemoglobin Carotene Bile pigments
40
Figure 6-6 Discoloration of the skin.
What color is associated with cyanosis? What color is associated with jaundice? 40
41
Observation of the Skin
Lesions Any wound or local damage to tissue Surface Lesion Deeper Lesion Macule Excoriation Papule Laceration Vesicle Ulcer Pustule Fissure
42
Figure 6-7 Surface lesions.
42
43
Figure 6-8 Deeper lesions.
43
44
Observation of the Skin
Burns Categorized by Depth of damage Superficial Superficial partial-thickness Deep partial-thickness Full-thickness Amount of body surface area (BSA) involved Rule of nines Lund and Browder method
45
Figure 6-9 The rule of nines.
45
46
Observation of the Skin
✓ Observation of the Skin Checkpoints 6-10 What are some pigments that impart color to the skin? 6-11 What is a lesion? 6-12 What two factors are used to assess the severity of burns? 46
47
Observation of the Skin
? Observation of the Skin Pop Quiz 6.4 Which pigment is responsible for a tan’s brown color? Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin Bile
48
Observation of the Skin
? Observation of the Skin Pop Quiz Answer 6.4 Which pigment is responsible for a tan’s brown color? Melanin Carotene Hemoglobin Bile
49
Observation of the Skin
49
50
Repair of the Integument
Wound Healing Occurs only in areas with actively dividing cells Epithelial tissues Connective tissues Minimally in muscle and nervous tissue Factors That Affect Healing Nutrition Blood supply Infection Age
51
Repair of the Integument
✓ Repair of the Integument Checkpoint 6-13 What two categories of tissues repair themselves most easily? 51
52
Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System
53
Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System
Age-related changes in Skin Tissues Pigment Hair Sweat glands Circulation Fingernails and toenails
54
Care of the Skin
55
Care of the Skin Proper nutrition Adequate circulation
Regular cleansing Removes dirt and dead skin Sustains slightly acid environment to inhibit bacteria Protection from sunlight Exposure to UV light causes genetic mutations in skin that can lead to cancer, and causes premature aging.
56
Disorders of the Integumentary System
Learning Outcome 6. List the main disorders of the integumentary system.
57
Disorders of the Integumentary System
Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin Dermatosis is any skin disease. Atopic dermatitis
58
Figure 6-10 Atopic dermatitis (eczema).
58
59
Disorders of the Integumentary System
Psoriasis Chronic, recurrent overgrowth of epidermis Sharply outlined red (erythematous) areas Flat areas (plaques) covered with silvery scales Hereditary pattern sometimes present Immune disorder may be involved
60
Figure 6-11 Psoriasis. 60
61
Disorders of the Integumentary System
Cancer Skin cancer is most common form of cancer in the United States Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma
62
Figure 6-12 Skin cancer. 62
63
Disorders of the Integumentary System
Acne and Other Skin Infections Acne Sebaceous glands disease Impetigo Staphylococcal or streptococcal origin Viral infections Herpes simplex virus Herpes zoster virus (shingles) Human papillomavirus (HPV) (wart or verruca) Fungal infections Tinea or ringworm
64
Figure 6-13 Tinea (ringworm) of the body.
64
65
Disorders of the Integumentary System
Alopecia (Baldness) Factors that affect baldness Heredity, aging, and male sex hormones (male pattern baldness) Systemic disease Drugs
66
Disorders of the Integumentary System
Allergy and Other Immune Disorders Often involve the skin Allergy—reaction to a substance Autoimmune disorders—reaction to one’s own tissues Pemphigus Lupus erythematosus Scleroderma
67
Pressure Ulcers Pressure Ulcers
Skin lesions that appear where the body rests on skin that covers bony projections Also known as decubitus ulcers or bedsores
68
Disorders of the Integumentary System
68
69
Disorders of the Integumentary System
✓ Disorders of the Integumentary System Checkpoints 6-14 What is the difference between dermatosis and dermatitis? 6-15 What is the name for a cancer of the skin’s pigment-producing cells? 6-16 What are some viruses that affect the skin? 6-17 What causes tinea or ringworm infections? 6-18 What are several autoimmune disorders that involve the skin? 69
70
Disorders of the Integumentary System
? Disorders of the Integumentary System Pop Quiz 6.5 What is redness of the skin called? Pallor Carotenemia Erythema Jaundice
71
Disorders of the Integumentary System
? Disorders of the Integumentary System Pop Quiz Answer 6.5 What is redness of the skin called? Pallor Carotenemia Erythema Jaundice
72
Case Study Learning Outcome
7. Using information in the case study and the text, differentiate between basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. 72
73
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Case Study Basal Cell Carcinoma Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arises in top layer of sun-exposed skin Less likely to metastasize Usually easily treatable More likely to metastasize
74
Word Anatomy Learning Outcome
8. Show how word parts are used to build words related to the integumentary system. 74
75
Word Anatomy Word Part Meaning Example derm/o skin
The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin. corne/o cornified, keratinized The stratum corneum is the outermost thickened, keratinized layer of the skin. melan/o dark, black A melanocyte is a cell that produces the dark pigment melanin. pil/o hair The arrector pili muscle raises the hair to produce goose bumps. albi/i white Albinism is a condition associated with a lack of pigment. cyan/o blue Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin caused by a lack of oxygen. eryth red Erythema is redness of the skin. scler/o hard Scleroderma is associated with a hardening of the skin.
76
76
Similar presentations
