1. Chapter 17 Lesson 1
European Expansion and Exploration

2. Ptolemy’s World Map c. 2nd century CE

3. Earlier Explorations
Islam & the Spice Trade  Moluccas (Indonesia today)
A New Player  Europe
Marco Polo, 1271
Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources.
Better seaworthy ships.
Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

4. Marco Polo
Marco Polo ( ), is probably the most famous Westerner traveled on the Silk Road.
He excelled all the other travelers in his determination, his writing, and his influence.
His journey through Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan ( ).
He traveled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest travelogue.

5. Marco Polo Voyages

6. CULTURAL CLASHES VS WHITE EUROPEANS NATIVE AMERICANS
Used the land for economic needs
Clearing the land, destroying hunting areas and fencing it off into private property
Divided the land and selling it for monetary value.   
NATIVE AMERICANS
Relationship with environment as part of their religion
Need to hunt for survival
Ownership meant access to the things the land produced, not ownership of the land itself. VS

7. The 3 motives reinforce each other
Direct Causes = 3 G’s
Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)
Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)
Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
The 3 motives reinforce each other

8. New Technology

9. New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps
Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

10. NEW WORLD
OLD WORLD

11. Treasures from the Americas!

12. EFFECTS EUROPEAN EXPLORATION 1400 TO 1600
Europeans reach and settle Americas
Expanded knowledge of world geography
Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism
Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations
Introduction of the institution of slavery
Columbian Exchange

13. European Colonization
Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world….
Spain
England
France
Portugal

14. Bellringer
Answer independently in your notebooks
1. What were the motivations behind European exploration of distant lands?
-Political (GLORY), economic (GOLD), religious (GOD)
2. What new technologies allowed 15th and 16th century Europeans to explore further abroad than ever before?
-Caravel, wheel lock rifle, compass, sextant, astrolabe, better maps.

15. The Spanish Spanish first to pursue colonization
Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)
First permanent colonies

16. Spanish Exploration Columbus Balboa Cortes Pizzaro De Leon De Soto
Coronado
Vespucci

17. Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of the
part of North America
Central America
Caribbean Islands
Much of South America.

18. Spanish soldiers who came to the New World to help conquer and settle the Americas for Spain.
Some of their methods were harsh and brutal especially to the Native American population.
With every Spanish explorer were conquistadors and members of the Catholic Church to convert Native Americans.

19. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
Missionaries
European Colonial Empire
Permanent Settlers

20. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Spanish ancestory
Creoles Spanish born on colonies
Mestizos Spanish and Indian mixture
Mulattos White American and Black mixture
Black Slaves
Native Indians

22. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
1. Spanish practice of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply = FEUDALISM
“granted” to deserving subjects of the King
2. Conquistador controlled Indian populations
Required Indians to pay tribute from their lands
Indians often rendered personal services as well.
3. In return the conquistador was obligated to
protection
instruct them in the Christian faith
defend their right to live off the land
4. Encomienda system eventually decimated Indian population.

23. Father Bartolomé de Las Casas
Believed Native Americans had been treated harshly by the Spanish.
Argued against idea that Indians could be educated and converted to Christianity.
Believed Indian culture was advanced as European but in different ways.
1542 Spain passed New Laws – forbid enslavement of Natives

24. New Laws
The new laws were meant to end abuses against the Native Americans
Spain too far away to enforce them
Many Natives were forced to become peons, workers forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay off debt.
Landlords advanced them food, tools, seeds, creating debts they could never pay off in their lifetimes.

25. African Slave Trade
To fill the labor shortage, Las Casas urged colonists to import workers from Africa.
Africans were immune to tropical diseases
Had skills in farming, mining, metalworking.
Las Casas regretted that advice because it furthered brutal African slave trade.
In time, Africans and their American born descendants greatly outnumbered European settlers in the colonies.
Often they resisted slavery by rebelling or running away.

26. Primary Source
“The Spaniards, from the beginning, were no more solicitous of promoting the preaching of the Gospel of Christ to (the Native Americans), than if they had been dogs or beasts….
…laying many heavy burdens upon them, daily afflicting and persecuting them, that they might not have so much time and leisure at their own disposal, as to attend their preaching and divine service; for they looked upon that to be an impediment to their getting gold.”
-Bartolome de Las Casas, from A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies, 1534

28. Triangular Trade
The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three legged trade network called triangular trade.
Step 1: Merchant ships brought manufactured goods to Africa to be traded for slaves.
Step 2: (Middle Passage) Slaves transported to West Indies where they were exchanged for raw materials such as sugar, molasses, tobacco, cotton, and other products.
Step 3: These raw materials were shipped back to Europe or European colonies in the Americas.

29. Bellringer – contrasting views
Compare and contrast the following viewpoints as expressed by Columbus and John Lame Deer.
What does this reveal to you about the different mentalities of the Europeans vs. Native Americans?

31. “Before our white brothers came to civilize us we had no jails
“Before our white brothers came to civilize us we had no jails. Therefore we had no criminals. You can't have criminals without a jail. We had no locks or keys, and so we had no thieves. If a man was so poor that he had no horse, tipi or blanket, someone gave him these things. We were too uncivilized to set much value on personal belongings. We wanted to have things only in order to give them away. We had no money, and therefore a man's worth couldn't be measured by it. We had no written law, no attorneys or politicians, therefore we couldn't cheat.
We really were in a bad way before the white men came, and I don't know how we managed to get along without these basic things which, we are told, are absolutely necessary to make a civilized society.”
John Lame Deer, Sioux Indian

32. European Colonization
The Portuguese
European Colonization
The Portuguese were the first to begin searching for an all water route to Asia…..
Prince Henry the Navigator – 1450’s
Colonized the South America in the area of what would become Brazil

33. Explorers Sailing For Portugal
Prince Henry the Navigator - Portugal - Funded Exploration down coast of Africa
Dias - Portugal - Rounded the Cape of Good Hope
da Gama - Portugal - Opened trade with India - Placed Portugal in position to dominate trade with India
Cabral - Portugal - Claimed present day Brazil for Portugal

35. The French
French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada
Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America
Develop a fur trade
Couier do Bois

37. Explorers Sailing For France
Cartier - France - Reached St. Lawrence River - Claimed Eastern Canada for France – 1535
Samuel de Champlain - France - “Father of New France” - Established Quebec (the 1st permanent French colony in N. America) - Established settlements and explored Maine, Montreal & Nova Scotia

39. European Colonization
The Dutch
Like French, Dutch focus on fur trade & send only a few men to settlements
Found Albany (New York, 1614) on Hudson River
New Netherland (becomes New York) is an extension of the Dutch global trade system
Dutch & French form alliances with Native Americans—increase warfare & Iroquois (Dutch ally) defeat Hurons

40. Explorers Sailing For The Netherlands
Henry Hudson - English sailing for the Dutch - Searching for Northwest Passage - Claimed Hudson River - Settlers established New Netherlands (New York)