1. Organic molecules are the foundation of life

2. 2. 3 Carbon Compounds Introduction to Organic Biomolecules
2.3 Carbon Compounds Introduction to Organic Biomolecules!!!! Directions: While you watch this video, please answer the questions on the worksheet.
Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat: Crash Course Biology #3 - YouTube

3. Organic Molecules Organic Molecules Hydrocarbons Inorganic Molecules
Carbon-based molecules
Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules made of only carbons and hydrogens (example CH4)
Inorganic Molecules
Non-carbon based molecules
Examples: H20, NH3, O2

4. ELEMENTS OF LIFE What elements does carbon bond to make up life’s molecules?
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Nitrogen
Organisms are made up molecules that
contain carbon and these other elements.

5. THE CHEMISTRY OF CARBON
Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms as it tries to fill its outermost energy level.
Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures H
Straight chain
Branched chain H C H
Ring H

6. Carbon Skeletons

7. Macromolecules “Giant Molecules”
Polymers vs Monomers
Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits/pieces bonded together.
This Process is known as polymerization

8. Monomers bond together to build Polymers
Dehydration reaction - Each time a monomer is added to a chain a water molecule is released (Lose Water)

9. Hydrolysis Reaction - Each time a monomer is broken from a chain a water molecule is added (Add Water).

10. WARM-UP
1. What is the main element in Organic Compounds? 2. How many atoms can carbon form covalent bonds with? 3. Name the three general types of structures in carbon-based molecules have?

11. Answers
1. Carbon 2. Four 3. a. Straight b. Branched c. Ring

12. Macromolecules There are four major groups of macromolecules
found in living things:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

13. 1. Carbohydrates Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
(Ratio= 1 Carbon: 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen)
Are made up of monomers of simple sugar molecules
The building blocks (simple sugar molecules) of carbohydrates are Glucose.

14. Three Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide – Simple Sugars – made up of one sugar. (Ex: Glucose)
Disaccharide – Made up of two simple sugars.
(Ex: Sucrose)

15. Three Types of Carbohydrate
Polysaccharide– Made up of three or more simple sugars (Ex: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen) – Found in pasta and bread

16. Functions Of Carbohydrates
1. Provides energy when they are
broken down. (Hydrolysis Rxtn.)
2. Provides structural support for
living things. (Part the cell structure)

17. Types of Carbohydrates
Type of Simple or
Carbohydrate Complex Function
Starch Complex Stores extra energy
Cellulose Complex Gives plants strength
and rigidity
Glycogen Complex Stores extra energy
Glucose Simple Supplies energy for
cell activities

18. Types of Carbohydrates
Polymer (starch)
Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure.
Polymer (cellulose)
Cellulose is a polymer of glucose monomers that has a straight, rigid structure
monomer

19. Warm-Up 1.What are the two functions of carbohydrates?
2. List the 3 different types of carbohydrates and give an example of each.
3. Which carbohydrate is found in plant cells?

20. Answers
1. a. Provides Energy b. Provides Structural support for living things. 2. a. Monosaccharides – Glucose b. Disaccharides – Sucrose c. Polysaccharides – Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen 3. Cellulose

21. 2. Lipids
Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Lipids are Hydrophobic molecules “water fearing”
Example (oil and water don’t mix)
Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.
Fats and oils contain:
fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

22. Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.
saturated fatty acids (bad for you) – Single Bonds
unsaturated fatty acids – Double Bonds

23. Functions of Lipids 1. Store energy when broken down
2. Make up cell membranes
(phospholipids)
3. Waterproof coverings on cells and tissues

24. A closer look at phospholipid orientation in cell membranes:

25. Warm Up What Lipid makes up cell membranes?
Two types of Fatty Acids in lipids?
Give two examples of lipids.

26. Answers
Phospholipid
Saturated and Unsaturated
Oils, Fats and waxes

27. 3. Proteins Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Parts of an amino acid:
1. Amino Group
2. Carboxyl Group
3. Side Group (R Group)

28. Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.
Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms.
Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.
Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

29. Polypeptides
Polypeptides are the result of joining many amino acid monomers

30. Proteins and Levels of Organization
1. Primary Structure – is the order of its amino
acids.
2. Secondary Structure – is the folding of the
polypeptide chain
3. Third Level Structure – is the three-
dimensional arrangement of a chain
4. Fourth Level Structure – is how the different
chains are placed next to each other.

31. Functions Of Proteins 1. Control cell processes
2. Control rate of reactions
3. Form important parts in cells
4. Move substances in and out of cells
5. Help to fight disease

32. Warm-Up
1. How many different amino acids are used to build proteins in organisms? 2. What are the building blocks of Proteins? 3. What special type of bond links amino acids?

33. Answers
1. 20
2. Amino Acids
3. Polypeptide Bonds

34. 4. Nucleic Acids Made up of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleotides are made up of three parts:
1. sugar
2. phosphate group
3. nitrogen base
A phosphate group
nitrogen-containing molecule, called a base
deoxyribose (sugar)

35. Functions of Nucleic Acids
1. Store and transmit genetic information

36. 2.4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Chemical Reaction – A process that changes one set of chemicals into another.
Changes in energy occur in chemical reactions. (Release or use energy)
Chemical bonds are broken and other bonds are formed during a chemical reaction

37. Enzymes Many chemical reactions occur inside cells
Reactants  products
Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to start a reaction.
Activation Energy -The energy needed to start up a reaction
Catalyst – any compound that speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy

38. Enzymes are never ‘used up’
Enzymes are reaction specific
Substrate – reactant
Active site – groove area where substrates attach to enzyme
Enzymes always pick up another substrate when the active site is unoccupied!!

39. Enzymes Speed Up Chemical Reactions
They are able to do this by LOWERING the activation energy of a reaction.

40. A reaction utilizing an enzyme = catalytic reaction
Activation Energy is lowered!