1. Chemistry and Biochemistry
Water as a solvent
Acids, bases and pH
Organic compounds
Hydrocarbons
Functional groups
Dehydration synthesis/ hydrolysis

2. Water and life 4. The universal solvent
Water can form hydrogen bonds with any polar or ionic compound.
Therefore, many things can be dissolved in water
The dissolving agent is called the solvent
The dissolved substance is called the solute
A liquid of two or more evenly mixed substances is a
solution

3. Acids & Bases Acids: Donate H+ ions to a solution. Bases
Accept H+ ions & remove them from solution.

4. So what is pH??
pH= A measure of hydrogen ion concentration, but on a logarithmic scale (potential of Hydrogen)
Solutions with high hydrogen ion concentrations
have low pH
are acidic
Solutions with low hydrogen ion concentrations
have a high pH
are basic
There is a 10-fold difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions that differ by one pH unit.

5. Acids & Bases Acids: Donate H+ ions to a solution. Bases
Accept H+ ions & remove them from solution.

6. Acids & Bases Acids: Donate H+ ions to a solution. Bases
Accept H+ ions & remove them from solution.

7. Implications of extreme pH in the environment…

8. Acid deposition affects land and aquatic environments

9. What US regions are affected by acid deposition?
EPA Air Quality Website

10. Some common acids, bases and salts

11. Salts Neither acids or bases Can form when acids and bases react
The dissociated hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions join to form water.
The remaining ions form ionic bonds creating a salt.
This is an example of neutralization.
H+Cl- + Na+OH- → Na+Cl- + H+OH-
Hydrocloric + Sodium Sodium + Water
acid hydroxide chloride

12. Organic compounds Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen
Long chains or rings of carbon form backbone of diverse biological compounds.
C9H8O4

13. The carbon skeleton All organic molecules have a carbon skeleton.
This determines the overall shape of the molecule.
Organic molecules differ in these ways:
1. The length and arrangement of the carbon skeleton.
2. Which atoms are attached to the skeleton

14. Length: How long is the carbon based skeleton?
Dehydration synthesis:
Single units/ monomers are linked to form large units/ polymers; water removed
Hydrolysis:
Polymers are broken into monomers during metabolism; water is added.

15. Arrangement of the skeleton: Isomers
Organic molecules can have the same number and composition of atoms, but can have different arrangements.
These are called isomers.

16. Isomers

17. Polar functional groups= Non-polar functional groups=
Atoms attached to C-H skeleton
Polar functional groups=
hydrophilic
Non-polar functional groups=
hydrophobic

18. Macromolecules of life
Macromolecules are very large organic molecules.
The most important organic compounds found in living things are:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic acids

19. Carbohydrates Compounds with a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
Monomers= monosaccharides
Polymers= polysaccharides
Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Function?

20. Simple sugars
Simple sugars are described by the number of carbons in the molecule.
Triose-3 carbons
Pentose-5 carbons
Hexose-6 carbons

21. Making disaccharides
When two simple sugars are combined they form disaccharides
Formed via dehydration synthesis
Examples: Maltose, lactose and sucrose

22. So how is high fructose corn syrup different from sugar?
HFCS
“Sugar”

23. Making the polymer: Polysaccharides
Contain many simple sugars connected by _________________
Examples of polysaccharides:

24. Proteins Primarily C, H and O but not a fixed ratio
Monomer = amino acid
Polymers= proteins or polypeptides
Hydophobic or hydrophilic?
Function?

25. Monomer- the amino acid
An amino acid contains:
1. Amino group
2. Carboxyl group
3. Side chain/ “R group”
There are 20 different amino acids

26. Amino acids

27. Asparagine gets its name from asparagus

28. Making the polymer- polypeptides
Amino acids are joined via dehydration synthesis.
The bond formed between amino acids is called a peptide bond.
Several amino acids joined together form polypeptide chains or proteins.

29. Primary (1°) structure
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide constitutes the primary structure of the protein

30. Secondary (2°) structure
Polypeptides twist and fold into their secondary structure
Form a-helix or b-pleated sheet

31. Tertiary (3°) structure
The 2° structure folds in a random manner to form a globular 3° structure.

32. Quaternary (4°) structure
Multiple polypeptides interact to form a functional protein

33. Protein shape determines function!

34. Changing the shape of proteins- denaturation
When heat or other environmental conditions break the bonds that stabilize tertiary structure.

35. Changing the shape of proteins- genetic mutation
The protein’s overall shape determines function
Example: Sickle cell anemia
A mutation in one gene causes the protein to have a different shape- changes RBC shape.
Different shape altered function

36. Lipids or “fats” Composed of C, H and a little O, but no fixed ratio
There are three types of lipids:
True fats (e.g. pork chop fat and oils)
Phospholipids (membrane components)
Steroids (most hormones)
Hydrophobic/ hydrophilic?
Function?

37. True fats True fat= triglyceride Used to provide energy
The building blocks of fats= fatty acid
A glycerol molecule
Three fatty acid tails

38. Saturated vs. unsaturated fats
If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has as much hydrogen as possible, the fat is called a saturated fat.
If the carbons of a fatty acid have double bonded carbon molecules in them, the fat is called unsaturated fat.

39. Saturated vs. unsaturated lipids

40. Saturated (Stearic acid)
What is a trans fat?
Trans (Elaidic acid)
Cis (Oleic acid)
Saturated (Stearic acid)
Elaidic acid is the principal trans unsaturated fatty acid often found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.[22]
Oleic acid is a cis unsaturated fatty acid that comprises 55–80% of olive oil.[23]
Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid found in animal fats and is the intended product in full hydrogenation. Stearic acid is neither cis nor trans because it has no double bonds.
These fatty acids are geometric isomers (structurally identical except for the arrangement of the double bond).
This fatty acid contains no double bond and is not isomeric with the previous
^ Alonso L, Fontecha J, Lozada L, Fraga MJ, Juárez M (1999). "Fatty acid composition of caprine milk: major, branched-chain, and trans fatty acids". Journal of Dairy Science 82 (5): 878–84. doi: /jds.S (99) PMID   
^ Alfred Thomas (2002). "Fats and Fatty Oils". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi: / a10_173.

41. Phospholipids Phospholipids:
Are complex organic molecules that resemble fats but contain phosphate groups.
Phospholipids are the major components of cell membranes.
Some are known as lecithins.

42. Steroids Nonpolar molecules that are arranged in rings of carbon
Steroids are important components of cell membranes.
Cholesterol
Steroids often serve as hormones and serve in regulation of body processes.
Testosterone, estrogen

43. Cholesterol: LDL vs HDL Cholesterol does not travel freely in the bloodstream. Carried by lipoproteins (L)
LDL
LOW Density Lipoproteins
Deposit excess cholesterol
on arterial walls.
“bad” cholesterol
HDL
HIGH Density Lipoproteins
Remove cholesterol from
the blood.
“good” cholesterol

44. Nucleic acids Contains C, H as well as lots of N, P and O
Monomer = nucleotide
Polymer= nucleic acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Hydophobic or hydrophilic?
Function?

45. 2. Store information and pass to
The functions of DNA
1. Replicate itself
2. Store information and pass to
offspring
3. Make proteins

46. The nucleotide monomer
Each nucleotide contains
1. A 5-carbon sugar
DNA: deoxyribose
RNA: ribose
2. A phosphate group
3. A nitrogenous group

47. The 4 nucleotides of DNA

48. The DNA polymer Nucleotides are linked by ______________
Each DNA molecule is made of two strands.
Strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases.
The bases pair according to base pair rules
Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine – Guanine

49. a-helix structure of DNA

50. DNA, genes, and chromosomes
Each DNA strand is divided into segments called genes
Genes are the recipes for proteins
The sequence of nucleotides in a gene dictate the order of amino acids in a polypeptide.
Each DNA strand is called a chromosome
Human cells have 46 chromosomes in each cell.

52. The RNA polymer RNA is a single stranded molecule Nucleotides:
4 nucleotides BUT contains uracil instead of thymine
Base pairs with itself and DNA
A-U
G-C
RNA is found in three different forms:
mRNA (messenger RNA)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
tRNA (transfer RNA)

53. A special nucleotide- ATP
- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contains
1. Ribose sugar
2. Adenine sugar
3. 3 phosphate groups
- Bonds between phosphates are used for energy storage

54. Overview