1. USA’s top 5 Crops…. million acresbillion$ 1. Corn 72.7 15.1 2. Soybeans 72.7 12.5 3. Hay 59.9 3.4 4. Wheat 53.0 5.5 5.Cotton 13.1 4.6 6.Sorghum 7.7 0.82 7.Rice3.01.2

2. Chapter 10 Agriculture An Introduction to Human Geography The Cultural Landscape, 8e James M. Rubenstein PPT by Abe Goldman

3. Is your vocabulary done??

4. Vocabulary Terms to Define AgribusinessAgribusiness ChaffChaff CombineCombine Double croppingDouble cropping HorticulturHorticultur Green RevolutionGreen Revolution Intensive Subsistence AgriIntensive Subsistence Agri MilkshedMilkshed PaddyPaddy Pastoral NomadismPastoral Nomadism Prime agri landPrime agri land ReaperReaper Ridge TillageRidge Tillage SawahSawah Seed AgriSeed Agri Shifting CultivationShifting Cultivation Sustainable AgriSustainable Agri SwiddenSwidden ThreshThresh TranshumanceTranshumance Truck FarmingTruck Farming Vegetative plantingVegetative planting WinnowWinnow Terms Agriculture Cereal Grain Commercial Agri Crop Crop rotation Desertification Grain Hull Pasture Plantation Ranching Slash and Burn Agri Spring Wheat Subsistence agri Wet rice Winter wheat

5. Key Issue I: Agricultural Origins and Regions I. Origins of agriculture – A. Hunters and gatherers –B. Invention of agriculture (Neolithic Revolution) II. Location of agricultural hearths –A. Vegetative planting –B. Seed agriculture III. Classifying agricultural regions –Subsistence vs. commercial agriculture

6. Today’s Hunters and Gatherers Arctic Nomadic groups –Sami (Lapps) in Scandinavia –Inuit in North America

7. Today’s Hunters and Gatherers Maku in NW Brazil and SE Colombia

9. Today’s Hunters and Gatherers Bushmen (San or !Kung) in Namibia and Botswana

10. Today’s Hunters and Gatherers Aborigines in Australia, mostly in central and NW

12. Beginnings of Agriculture The Neolithic Revolution Early agricultural hearths came in two varieties –Those where vegetative crops were grown –Those where seed crops were grown –Know the difference between vegetative and seed crops!

13. Vegetative Planting Hearths Fig. 10-1: There were several main hearths, or centers of origin, for vegetative crops (roots and tubers, etc.), from which the crops diffused to other areas. Vegetative Planting

14. Seed Agriculture Hearths Fig. 10-2: Seed agriculture also originated in several hearths and diffused from those elsewhere.

15. Types of Crops or Animals produced

16. Classifying Agri Regions LDCsMDCs PurposeSubsistenceCommercial % of farmers in labor force High – 55% or more Low – 5% or less Use of Machinery No, mainly by hand Yes, mainly by Machine Farm SizeSmall: < 2 acresLarge: > 400 Relationship of farming to business LittleHigh

17. Link to agriculture video clip

18. Labor Force in Agriculture Fig. 10-3: A large proportion of workers in most LDCs are in agriculture, while only a small percentage of workers in MDCs are engaged in agriculture.

19. Tractors, per Population Fig. 10-4: Tractors per 1,000 people. Use of machinery is extensive in most MDC agriculture, but it is much less common in LDCs.

20. Use of GIS to save land Problem: Loss of farmland due to urban growth –Maryland experiencing rapid growth – part of the BosWash megalopolis) Questions –Do we need to save farm land? –If so, which land b/c there is limited $? GIS (geographic information systems) –Mapped multiple factors prime land” water quality flood control species habitat historic sites especially attractive scenery –Use multiple layers to identify which land to purchase for preservation

21. Farmland Loss in Maryland Fig. 10-1-1: Overlaps of soil quality, environmental and cultural features, and population growth may show areas of greatest threat of farmland loss in Maryland. Washington D.C. Delaware Delaware

22. World Agriculture Regions Fig. 10-5a: Locations of the major types of subsistence and commercial agriculture.

23. Key Issue 2: Agriculture in LDC’s I. Shifting cultivation –Characteristics of shifting cultivation –Future of shifting cultivation II. Pastoral Nomadism –Characteristics of pastoral nomadism –Future of pastoral nomadism III. Intensive subsistence agriculture –Intensive subsistence with wet rice dominant –Intensive subsistence with wet rice not dominant

24. World Climate Regions Fig. 10-5b: Simplified map of the main world climate regions (see also Fig. 2.2). Shifting Cultivation Pastoral Nomadism

25. World Rice Production Fig. 10-6: Asian farmers grow over 90% of the world’s rice. India and China alone account for over half of world rice production. Intensive Subsistence Wet Rice Dominant Intensive Subsistence Wet Rice Not Dominant

26. Here, rice and tapioca are being grown in Malaysia. A new Arawan “moloca” being built in the Amazonian rainforest. Molocas can reach 70 ft. high and 150 feet across The entire community will live in the moloca Shifting Cultivation

27. Nomads in the Sahel of Africa Example of a yurt used by Mongolian nomads. Pastoral Nomadism

28. Wet Rice cultivation in Myanmar (Burma) Plots are divided to ensure even water levels and to separate family plots. Terraced Wet Rice cultivation in Ganges River valley, India. Irrigation is gravity fed Intensive Subsistence

31. Key Issue 3: Agriculture in MDC’s A. Mixed crop and livestock systems B. Dairy farming C. Grain farming D. Livestock ranching E. Mediterranean agriculture F. Commercial gardening and fruit farming G. Plantation farming

32. CG & FF MC & LS Grain Farming Ranching Med

35. World Milk Production Fig 10-8: Milk production reflects wealth, culture, and environment. It is usually high in MDCs, especially production per capita, and varies considerably in LDCs.

36. Dairy Production in the U.S. Fig. 10-9: Milk production is widely dispersed because of its perishability, but cheese production is far more concentrated.

37. World Corn (Maize) Production Fig. 10-7: The U.S. and China are the leading producers of corn (maize) in the world. Much of the corn in both countries is used for animal feed.

38. World Wheat Production Fig. 10-10: China is the world’s leading wheat producer, but the U.S. and Canada account for about half of world wheat exports.

43. The Chisholm Trail Fig. 10-11: The Chisholm Trail became famous as the main route for cattle drives from Texas to the railheads in Kansas. Describe how technology has changed livestock ranching in the US.

44. Meat Production on Ranches Fig. 10-12: Cattle, sheep, and goats are the main meat animals raised on ranches.

48. Hog Production and Food Cultures Fig. 4-6: Why might explain the absence of Hog production in North Africa and the Middle East?

49. Video Time! You need one sheet of paper and a pen/cil Title: Food Inc. On the paper… 2 sections: Facts and Questions. Video discusses modern, industrial agricultural practices. Listen for terms from ch 10 (and others) To do: write down at least 5 facts from the film that impressed you. Write down 5 relevant questions as you watch that you would like answered.

50. Key Issue 4: Economic Issues of Agriculture I. Economic issues of commercial farmers –A. Access to markets –B. Overproduction –C. Sustainable agriculture II. Economic issues of subsistence farmers –A. Population growth –B. International trade III. Increasing food supply –A. Green Revolution

51. Von Thünen Model & Access to Markets Fig. 10-13: Von Thünen’s model shows how distance from a city or market affects the choice of agricultural activity in (a) a uniform landscape and (b) one with a river.

52. Overproduction In MDCs, success breeds problems More efficient methods = more production Stage 3 & 4 of demographic transition Slowing population growth = fewer consumers Gov’ts in MDCs try to deal w/ overproduction –advises farmers not to produce products that are in surplus –pays farmers when prices are low –buys surplus production and sells or donates it to foreign gov’ts –Also, »food stamps »schools –Gov’t spends $10 Billion on farm subsidies

53. Sustainable Agriculture What is it? What makes it different from conventional agriculture? –Efforts to protect soil –Higher integration of crop & livestock

54. Irony, in MDCs gov’t encourage farmers to grow less food, while LDC farmers struggle to increase production to meet growth in population.

55. II. Issues for Subsistence Farmers Boserup’s ideas Rapid pop growth Medical Revolution made traditional methods of farming insufficient –To meet need intensification of production Notice: work still done by people, not machines Adopting Int. Trade Approach (ITA) How do they compete w/ farmers in MDCs? Get loans for seeds, machinery, fertilizers Hmmm… what are they having to import that they haven’t had to in the past?

56. OIL

57. Still have hungry people Okay, there are fewer b/c of the Green Revolution What was the Green Revolution? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HucS CNQ01X4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HucS CNQ01X4 (link to 10 minute video)

58. Benefits of Green Revolution: Less world hunger, better nutrients provided to more people.

59. Criticisms of Green Revolution 1. increased amount of food production has led to overpopulation worldwide. 2. places like Africa have not significantly benefited from the Green Revolution. Why?? The major problems surrounding the use of these technologies here though are a lack of infrastructure, governmental corruption, and insecurity in nations. Despite these criticisms though, the Green Revolution has forever changed the way agriculture is conducted worldwide, benefiting the people of many nations in need of increased food production.

60. Desertification Hazard Fig. 10-14: The most severe desertification hazards are in northern Africa, central Australia, and the southwestern parts of Africa, Asia, North America, and South America.

61. Grain Importers and Exporters Fig. 10-15: Most countries are net importers of grain. The U.S. is the largest net exporter.

62. The SahelThe Sahel Fig. 10-16: The Sahel, which is south of the Sahara, frequently faces drought and food shortages, as does the Horn of Africa.

63. Wine Production per Year Fig. 4-13: The distribution of wine production shows the joint impact of the physical environment and social customs.