1. The Reformation Continues
Chapter 17 Section 4

2. The Reformation Continues
Ulrich Zwingli of Switz.
Catholic priest in Zurich
Influenced by northern humanism & Luther
Literal reading of scripture
Divine nature of Christ
Disagreements between Luther & Zwingli
Zwingli

3. John Calvin Influenced by northern Humanism
1536 – published Institutes of the Christian Religion
Levels of church organization
Literal reading of Bible
Men & women sinful by nature
Predestination – God chooses select few who will be saved
Beliefs known as Calvinism
"God preordained...a part of the human race, without any merit of their own, to eternal salvation, and another part, in just punishment of their sin, to eternal damnation. " John Calvin

4. Calvin Leads Reformation
Calvin saw ideal gov’t as theocracy (controlled by religious leaders)
Geneva, Switzerland – asked Calvin to lead their city
- Strict rules
- Imprisonment, excommunication, burning at stake

5. Calvinism Spreads John Knox – Scottish preacher
- Followers known as Presbyterians
- governed by group of laymen called presbyters
Huguenots = Calvin’s followers in France
- Conflict between Huguenots & Catholic was violent & bloody

6. Other Protestant Reformers
Anabaptists – believed that people should be baptized when of age
- persecuted by both Protestants & Catholics
- forerunners of Mennonites, Amish, Quakers, Baptists

7. Women of the Reformation
Women had prominent roles in early years
- Protected reformers such as Calvin
Once Protestant religions established, men limited women’s activities
Marguerite of Navarre

8. The Catholic Reformation
Movement to help Catholics remain loyal
Once referred to as the Counter Reformation

9. Ignatius of Loyola
Wrote book Spiritual Exercises on plan of meditation, prayer, & study
Religious order known as the Society of Jesus
- Members were known as Jesuits

10. Jesuits Focused on 3 activities: 1) founded schools
2) convert non-Christians to Catholicism
3) stop spread of Protestantism

11. Reforming Popes Paul III (pope 1534-1549)
- directed council of cardinals to investigate Church abuses (i.e. indulgences)
- approved the Jesuit order
- used the Inquisition to seek out heresy
- called meeting known as the Council of Trent

12. Council of Trent
Catholic bishops & cardinals agreed on several doctrines
1) Church’s interpretation of Bible was final
2) Needed both faith & good works for salvation (not
faith alone)
3) Bible & Church tradition were equally powerful authorities
4) Indulgences were valid expressions of faith

13. Pope Paul IV Carried out decrees of Council of Trent
“Index of Forbidden Books” – list of books dangerous to Catholicism
Books burned in bonfires

14. Effects of the Reformation
Religious & Social Effects
Protestantism flourished
Roman Catholic Church unified
Emphasis on education to promote beliefs
Status of women improved to an extent (while still very limited)

15. Effects of the Reformation
Political Effects
Monarchs & states gained power
- development of modern nation-states
- led to later exploration & expansion
Questioning of beliefs led to Enlightenment