1. POLICY MAKING TWO STAGES –PLACING IT ON THE AGENDA –DECIDING WHAT TO DO WITH THE ISSUE THE AGENDA HAS EXPANDED –WHY? –GREATER GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT;INCREASED POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, STRUCTURE OF GOV’T

2. POLICY MAKING WHAT TO DO? –4 DISTINCTIVE POLITIAL PROCESSES DETERMINE WHAT TO DO MAJORITARIAN POLITICS ENTREPRENEURIAL POLITICS CLIENT POLITICS INTEREST GROUP POLITICS WHAT WE DO IS DETERMINED BY THE PERCEIVED COSTS AND BENEFITS

4. POLICY MAKING PERCEPTION IS REALITY –IT IS ABOUT WHAT WE BELIEVE THE COST IS AND WHAT THE BENEFITS ARE –FREQUENTLY DETERMINE WHETHER THOSE THAT RECEIVE BENEFITS ARE DESERVING –COSTS AND BENEFITS NOT COMPLETELY DEFINED IN MONEY TERMS VALUES: OUR CONCEPTIONS OF WHAT IS GOOD FOR OUR COUNTRY

5. American Political System Perceived Costs Perceived Benefits DistributedConcentrated DistributedMajoritarian Politics Entrepreneurial Politics ConcentratedClient Politics Interest Group Politics

6. MAJORITARIAN POLITICS COSTS AND BENEFITS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED FREQUENTLY DECIDED BY MAJORITY OPINION EXAMPLES –SOCIAL SECURITY –NATIONAL DEFENSE

7. INTEREST GROUP POLITICS COSTS AND BENEFITS NARROWLY CONCENTRATED HIGHLY ORGANIZED GROUPS LEAD THE WAY CAUSES CONFLICT; WINNER V. LOSER EXAMPLES –LABOR RELATIONS BOARDS –NAZI RALLIES IN JEWISH NEIGHBORHOOD –FCC REGULATIONS

8. CLIENT POLITICS COSTS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED; BENEFITS ARE CONCENTRATED THOSE GETTING BENEFITS ARE WELL ORGANIZED THOSE WITH COST OFTEN UNAWARE EXAMPLES –FARM SUBSIDIES –PORK BARREL PROJECTS –FAVORABLE GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS FOR AN INDUSTRY(MILK, AIRLINE)

9. ENTREPRENEURIAL POLITICS BENEFITS WIDELY DISTRIBUTED COSTS ARE CONCENTRATED FREQUENTLY LED BY AN ACTIVIST; GROUP ANGER OVER GROUP BENEFIT CAN ALSO LEAD TO THIS EXAMPLES –SAFETY FOR AUTOMOBILES RALPH NADER –WHO PAYS –ANTIPOLLUTION REQUIREMENTS WHO PAYS?

10. WHICH POLICY? HOMOSEXUALS CONVINCE A CITY COUNCIL TO PASS AN ORDINANCE OUTLAWING DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THEM IN JOBS AND HOUSING CLIENT POLITICS- BENEFITS CONCENTRATED; COSTS DISTRIBUTED

11. WHICH POLICY? A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE PROMISES TO CUT THE SIZE AND POWER OF THE FEDERAL BUREAUCRACY ENTREPRENEURIAL POLITICS- DISTRIBUTED BENEFITS; COSTS CONCENTRATED

12. WHICH POLICY? CONGRESS CONSIDERS THE MILITARY SITUATION IN EUROPE AND DECIDES TO APPROPRIATE MONEY TO INCREASE TROOP STRENGTH. MAJORITARIAN POLITICS- COSTS AND BENEFITS DISTRIBUTED

13. WHICH POLICY? THE MASSACHUSETTS CONGRESSIONAL DELEGATION SEEKS TO HAVE THE F-18 FIGHTER PLANE BUILT BECAUSE ITS JET ENGINES ARE PRODUCED IN THAT STATE CLIENT POLITICS- BENEFITS CONCENTRATED; COSTS DISTRIBUTED

14. WHICH POLICY? A CIVIL RIGHTS GROUP SUES FOR A CITYWIDE DESEGREGATION PROGRAM INVOLVING BUSING. CLIENT POLITICS- BENEFITS CONCENTRATED; COSTS DISTRIBUTED

15. WHICH POLICY? A GOVERNOR CREATES A COMMISSION ON THE STATUS OF WOMEN AND APPOINTS SEVERAL MEMBERS OF THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT TO IT INTEREST GROUP POLITICS- COSTS AND BENEFITS ARE CONCENTRATED?

16. WHICH POLICY? A CAMPAIGN IS MOUNTED TO HAVE A NUCLEAR WEAPONS FREEZE. ENTREPRENEURIAL POLITICS- DISTRIBUTED BENEFITS; COSTS CONCENTRATED

17. WHAT ABOUT THESE? UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE PROTECTIVE TARIFFS HEALTH CARE REFORM BILL DON’T ASK DON’T TELL REMOVED