1. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Rachel Ivie and Casey Tesfaye Funded by Henry Luce Foundation National Science Foundation, Award 1012148, Beverly Hartline, Principal Investigator W OMEN ’ S C AREERS IN P HYSICS : R ESULTS FROM THE G LOBAL S URVEY OF P HYSICISTS

2. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Why survey women in physics? 2 Source: US Department of Education

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4. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 (Spain) “It is difficult when you are, as I have been, the only woman in a conference. Or when people interrupt, or do not listen or even laugh at what you are saying, even if it is important. Or when advisors or mentors could not believe that I’d done the work myself.” 4

5. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Although representation is very low We also must have data on other factors that affect women’s careers In this study, we focus on – Education – Work and family – Opportunities – Resources 5

6. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Why a Global Survey of Physicists? Goal: To describe common problems that women in physics across the world face in their work and studies With Women’s Working Group of the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP), AIP has done 3 global surveys 6

7. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 The first two global surveys of physicists More than 1000 women from more than 50 countries responded to each survey Only women were included English only 7

8. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Purposes of third survey To ensure comparability across countries— one report at the end of the process To show whether women physicists’ experiences are different from men’s To provide survey in languages other than English 8

9. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Languages English French Russian Arabic Chinese Spanish German Japanese 9

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11. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 How the survey was distributed Web survey sent to country leaders from conference Survey itself contained instructions to forward to colleagues Sample surveys were drawn by American and German Physical Societies, so their results are representative of their membership. Survey went to entire membership of Japanese Physical Society. Open from ~Oct. 2009-Oct. 2010 11

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13. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Who Responded? 130 countries 14,932 respondents 75% from Very Highly Developed Countries (21% Female) 25% from Less Developed Countries (27% Female) Employed in all types of jobs 13

14. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Very Highly Developed Nations United Nations, 2010 Norway Australia New Zealand United States Ireland Liechtenstein Netherlands Canada Sweden Germany Japan Korea (Republic of) Switzerland France Israel Finland Iceland Belgium Denmark Spain Hong Kong, China (SAR) Greece Italy Luxembourg Austria United Kingdom Singapore Czech Republic Slovenia Andorra Slovakia United Arab Emirates Malta Estonia Cyprus Hungary Brunei Darussalam Qatar Bahrain Portugal Poland Barbados 14

15. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 EDUCATION 15

16. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 When did you first think of choosing physics as your career? 16

17. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 WORK AND FAMILY 17

18. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 How did your work or career change because you are a parent? 18 WomenMen My work or career did not change significantly3265 I chose a less demanding or more flexible work schedule 3920 I spent significantly less time at work3518 I was more productive and efficient at work2915 My career or rate of promotion slowed significantly349 I changed my employer or field of employment74 I became a stay at home parent61

19. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Has your career changed your personal life, such as decisions about marriage or children? 19

20. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 How much school did your partner or spouse complete? 20

21. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 If your partner is employed, does he or she earn: 21

22. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Is your partner or spouse employed in the field of physics? 22

23. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 23

24. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 RESOURCES AND OPPORTUNITIES Models tested 24

25. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Percentage of respondents with access to key resources Less DevelopedVery Highly Developed WomenMenWomenMen Funding34515260 Office space64747277 Lab space42474652 Equipment42495864 Travel money31475764 Clerical support22383043 Employees or students42533343 25

26. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 % of R’s w/ career-advancing opportunities % Yes Less Developed Very Highly Developed WomenMenWomenMen Given a talk at a conference as an invited speaker 51675873 Attended a conference abroad 75818387 Conducted research abroad 54716169 Acted as a boss or manager 38534661 Served as editor of a journal 16241119 Served on committees for grant agencies 22372636 Served on important committees at your institute or company 50624860 Served on an organizing committee for a conference in your field 48594855 Advised undergraduate students 82846974 Advised graduate students 63775870 Served on thesis or dissertation committees (not as an advisor) 52663752 26

27. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Opportunities and resources Employment sector Economic development Sex Age

28. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 In the models tested Sex had a statistically significant effect on all resources 28

29. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 % of R’s w/ career-advancing opportunities % Yes Less Developed Very Highly Developed WomenMenWomenMen Given a talk at a conference as an invited speaker 51675873 Attended a conference abroad 75818387 Conducted research abroad 54716169 Acted as a boss or manager 38534661 Served as editor of a journal 16241119 Served on committees for grant agencies 22372636 Served on important committees at your institute or company 50624860 Served on an organizing committee for a conference in your field 48594855 Advised undergraduate students 82846974 Advised graduate students 63775870 Served on thesis or dissertation committees (not as an advisor) 52663752 29

30. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Opportunities and resources Employment sector Economic development Sex Age

31. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Relationship between career progress and opportunities 31

32. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Relationship between career progress and resources 32

33. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Opportunities and resources Employment sector Country’s human development index Sex Age Sex*Children

34. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Compared to colleagues, how quickly have you progressed in your career? 34

35. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 THE BAD NEWS FIRST 35

36. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Percentage of respondents who have felt discouraged about physics 36

37. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Percent who felt discouraged because of interaction with colleagues 37

38. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Percent who felt discouraged about workplace environment 38

39. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Percent who felt discouraged about funding and personal life 39

40. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Would you choose physics again? 89% said yes 40

41. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Conclusions Male physicists are more likely to have wives who don’t work or make less money. Men are more likely to have someone who takes care of home and family than working women physicists. Across the world, women report access to fewer career-advancing resources and opportunities than men do. Women with children report the slowest career advancement, echoing findings from research literature. Representation isn’t everything. 41

42. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Recommendations Education: use research-based strategies to encourage girls to stay in physics Opportunities and resources: – Decision-makers should work to distribute opportunities and resources fairly – Professional societies should work to increase awareness of how opportunities and resources are unequally distributed – Programs to remedy women’s situations should be based on documented differences Work and family: personal and cultural 42

43. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 Want to learn more? Visit http://www.aip.org/statistics for past reports or to sign up for updates about the Global Survey of Physicistshttp://www.aip.org/statistics Our article available in Feb. 2012 issue of Physics Today 43

44. Statistical Research Center 16 September, 2013 For more information Rachel Ivie Associate Director Statistical Research Center rivie@aip.org http://www.aip.org/statistics Thanks to our colleagues Roman Czujko, Raymond Chu, & Susan White