1. Immigration, Industrialization, And the Gilded Age
Goal 5
Immigration, Industrialization,
And the Gilded Age

2. 5.01 Evaluate the influence of immigration and rapid industrialization on urban life.

3. Urban Issues

4. Jacob Riis Wrote a book called How the other Half Lives
Described the foul smelling living conditions of the city
Exposed unsafe and unsanitary living conditions of the city

5. Housing
Tenements-overcrowded apartments; immigrants usually lived in these
Ethnic neighborhoods formed: Little Italy, Lower East Side

6. Technology in the City
Elevators-invented by Elisha Otis; allows people to operate in high rise buildings (skyscrapers)
Telephone-invented by Alexander Graham Bell

7. Sanitation Sanitation is the #1 problem in cities
No water systems; water is tainted
Sewers were inadequate
Healthcare was non-existent
Diseases spread rapidly in the crowded conditions

8. Transportation
Cities had been limited in size by the ability of people to get from one place to the other
Electric trains
Trolley
Subways
All allow people to live in surrounding areas and work in the cities

9. The Rise of Ethnic Neighborhoods

10. Culture Shock Many immigrants were unprepared for America
Language barriers, nativism, lack of jobs, political machines
Most lived in ethnic neighborhoods; tried to preserve their culture (religion, customs, language)
Americanization happens in schools

11. Settlement Houses Designed to help immigrants assimilate
Halfway house; helps immigrants with education, child care, show how to fit in
Jane Addams starts Hull House; most famous settlement house; Chicago

12. Chinese Exclusion Act
Limits number of Chinese immigrants coming to America
Americans thought Chinese were driving down wages
Example of racism in America at that time

13. Ellis Island / Angel Island
Main entry points for immigrants coming to America
Ellis Island; NYC; European Immigrants
Angel Island; San Francisco; Asian Immigrants

14. Immigration

15. New vs. Old
Old- 1840’s; Western and Northern Europe; left their home due to potato famine
New- 1880’s; Eastern and Southern Europe; Jews; left due to religious persecution

16. Cultural Pluralism
Melting Pot- American society is a blend of different cultures
Cultural Pluralism- blending of religions and cultures
Nativism- believe immigrants brought evils with them; lowered wages
Immigrants would work for less

17. New Forms of Leisure Amusement Parks such as Coney Island
Spectator Sports- baseball, football, basketball, boxing

18. 5.02
Explain how business and industrial leaders accumulated wealth and wielded political and economic power

19. Emergence of new Industries

20. Railroads Spurred the 2nd Industrial Revolution
Connects the different regions of America

21. Steel
Bessemer Process makes the production of steel cheaper and more efficient
Steel allows for the transformation of construction, buildings, and machinery

22. Oil First oil well- Titusville, Pa
First used for kerosene and lamps and later used for automobiles

23. Changes in the ways businesses form and consolidate power

24. Rise of the Corporation
Sale of stocks allow companies to grow exponentially

25. Trusts
Combination of firms or corporations for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices throughout a business or industry

26. Monopoly
A company or group having exclusive control over a business activity (often associated with trust)

27. Influence of business leaders as “captains of industry” or as “robber barons”

28. Andrew Carnegie Steel Industry
Vertical Integration-owning all the steps of manufacturing from raw materials to the finished product
Homestead Steel
Disliked unions; paid workers very little

29. John D. Rockefeller Oil Industry Standard Oil Company
Horizontal Integration-owning several firms within the same industry (forms the trust)

30. Cornelius Vanderbilt Consolidated Railroads Known as “The Commodore”
Philanthropist-gave money for Vanderbilt University; Biltmore House

31. JP Morgan
Financial giant
Made money through banking

32. Big Business and Government
Big businessmen begin to buy and sell politicians
Government begins to side with big business at the expense of the public

33. Social Darwinism and the Gospel of Wealth

34. Social Darwinism
Applies Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, survival of the fittest, only the strong survive to society
Social Darwinism applies to business and society
Those that could change and adapt would be successful; those that couldn’t would remain poor
Seemed to justify the “captains of industry”

35. Gospel of Wealth
Idea that the rich should care for their families and use the rest of their wealth to benefit society
Philanthropy
Build schools, libraries, hospitals
Carnegie Hall, Rockefeller Center, Vanderbilt University

36. 5.03
Assess the impact of labor unions on industry and the lives of the workers

37. Formation of Unions

38. Working Conditions Unsafe Threat of death or dismemberment
Long hours and little pay
Workers decide to unite

39. Craft Unions
Limited membership to workers engaged in the same craft (type of work)
Example: shoe makers union

40. Industrial Union
Similar to craft union but membership is limited to those in the same industry
Example: American Railway Union

41. Child Labor
Children of working class families and immigrants worked in factories and mines instead of going to school

42. Famous Unions

43. Knights of Labor Skilled and unskilled labor Led by Terrence Powderly
Men, women, black, white
Unsuccessful due to its size and violent strikes
Haymarket Riot-strike led by Knights which resulted in violence; Knights of Labor lose support after this

44. American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Skilled workers only
Led by Samuel Gompers
Most successful union
Stayed out of politics

45. American Railway Union
Industrial Union
Led by Eugene Debs who was a socialist
Unsuccessful due to violence at Pullman Strike

46. Tactics used by Labor Unions

47. Tactics by Workers
Strike-workers refuse to work; picket outside the workplace
Featherbedding-workers would work slow to create more work
Collective Bargaining-workers unite to negotiate and force management to give in on certain issues

48. Tactics used by business leaders
Lockout-owners would close the industry based on the idea that the factory could absorb the loss more than the worker could
Scabs-replacement workers
Blacklist-list of trouble makers shared by business leaders
Yellow Dog Contract-workers were forced to sign this saying they could be fired if they joined a union

49. Tactics used by Government
Injunction-court order to end strike and go back to work (Coal Strike 1902)
Mediation-3rd party decide; makes a suggestion
Arbitration-3rd party decide and both sides have to agree
Sherman Anti Trust Act 1890-outlawed trusts and monopolies; unsuccessful; hard to enforce

50. People’s view of Unions
Many associate unions with violence
Haymarket Square
Homestead Strike
Pullman Car Co.
McCormick Reaper plant

51. 5.04
Describe the changing role of government in economic and political affairs

52. Impact of law and court decisions

53. US v. EC Knight & Co. Dispute over sugar refining company
Court said the Sherman Anti Trust act applied only to commerce (buying and selling) not manufacturing

54. Laissez Faire Business of America was business
Government tried to stay out of business; supply and demand would regulate business
This mentality will last through the 1920’s

55. Political Machines

56. Tammany Hall Machine Political machine in NYC
Led by William “Boss” Tweed
Gained votes and power by helping immigrants
Gained power through grafts- taking public money for personal use; corruption

57. Thomas Nast Cartoonist
Satirically exposed Tweed as taking advantage of the poor public

58. Patronage or Civil Service System

59. Patronage
Spoils System-winner of elections would give party supporters government jobs

60. Pendleton Civil Service Act
Passed to end the abuses of the patronage (“spoils system”)
Passed after President James Garfield was assassinated by a disgruntled party supporter who wanted a job
Act said job seekers would have to apply and score well on a test (merit system)

61. Impact of Corruption and Scandal in the Government

62. Credit Mobilier Scandal
Involved a company that built the Transcontinental RR
They overcharged the government
When the government investigated they paid off Congress

63. Whiskey Ring US distillers did not pay the substantial whiskey tax
They were helped by government insiders

64. Government Reform Brought on by Populist
Initiative-allow people to propose laws
Referendum- allow people to vote directly on laws
Recall-allow people to remove officials from office
17th Amendment- direct election of senators