1. Human Memory EXP 4504 Ira Fischler Welcome and introductions A look at the Web Page Overview of course –Integrating different perspectives –What you’ll be doing Themes in the study of memory

2. THEMES IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN MEMORY How should memory be described? –Phenomenological –Behavioral –Information processing –Biological What does it include? Is memory singular or plural? –Episodic versus semantic –Declarative versus procedural –Short term versus long-term –Implicit versus explicit How are lab studies related to “everyday memory?” –The issue ecological validity

3. SCHACTER’S THEMES: MEMORY’S “FRAGILE POWER” Memory is powerful –Who we are is what we remember –Its role in everyday tasks –Normally functions in the background Memory is fragile –Omissions, distortions and constructions in everyday life –These may be adaptive –It’s vulnerable to a host of impairments Memory is not singular –Differences based on duration, content, accessibility –Different processes can be selectively impaired –And tied to different brain regions –The search for “dissociations”

4. MEMORY’S FRAGILE POWER (cont’d) Remembering is an act of synthesis –Combining fragments of the past with present state and goals –Memory as an attribution –Different subjective states of memory (e.g., remember or know?) Memory has both automatic and effortful aspects –Most remembering as a mixture of the two –Different brain regions involved in automatic and strategic aspects of memory? The challenge of understanding memory –The case of Kim Peek, the “Rain Man”

5. AN OBSESSION WITH MEMORY Marcel Proust’s In Search of Lost Time –1908-1922; 7 volumes, 3,000 pages –Recollections, and meditations “I understood that all the material of a literary work was in my past life, I understood that I had acquired it in the midst of frivolous amusements, in idleness, in tenderness and in pain, stored up by me without my divining its destination or even its survival, as the seed has in reserve all the ingredients which will nourish the plant.” "a perfume smelled in that past time, a remembered light shining into our room, will suddenly bring back so vividly, that it fills us with... intoxication, so that we become completely indifferent to what is usually called 'real life.' "

6. TWO CASES OF AMNESIA GR (from Schacter 96) –67-yr old Italian poet & artist –Stroke damages left thalamus –Almost complete amnesia for “episodic past” (retrograde amnesia) –Little ability to remember new events (anterograde amnesia) –Near-full recovery a year later Sheila (from Campbell & Conway 95) –32-yr old school teacher –Severe herpes encephalitis –Damage to temporal lobes, right frontal lobes –Mild RA, profound AA (the classic “amnestic syndome” –Little hope for recovery

7. REMEMBERING VERSUS KNOWING The remember-know distinction (Tulving, 85) –Importance of contextual and sensory detail of episode Dissociations based on –Divided attention at study selectively reduces “remember” judgments (Gardiner & Parkin, 1995) –Elaborative encoding at study selectively enhances “remember” judgments, and –Study of pictures versus words selectively enhances “remember” judgments (Rajaram, 1993)

8. A RECENT CASE OF “MEMORY THEFT” Binjamin Wilomirski’s “Fragments” –1995 book by Holocaust survivor –1999: Expose by Ganzfried –Was it fraud? Or reconstruction?

9. A PHENOMENAL MEMORY Kim Peek, the “Rain Man” –Severely abnormal brain No corpus callosum Dwarf cerebellum Other abnormalities –Astounding memory C. 9,000 books Sports trivia Universal calendar All US zip codes The human mapquest Musical literacy –Astounding encoding C. 10 sec / page Two pages concurrently? –Developing new skills Piano playing and improvisation Composing?