1. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory DOM MB Hardware CDR and PRR, May 5, 2004 Gerald Przybylski Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

2. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Once upon a time, in 1996… Dave Nygren, Buford Price, Francis Halzen & JPL - Use Stewart Kleinfelders ATWR (SCA) Two DOMs, deployed Jan ’97 (Author recruited to take ‘em to the pole that year for deployment) Built around a PIC, a One-Time, EPROM Programmable, Microcontroller, with ADC Data: Push Mode, FSK modulation Marginal stability, but it produced!

3. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory SwAmp vs. JPL DOM Typical AMANDA Analog OM, JPL Digital optical module 7.5us 132ns Thanks to Tim Miller and Doug Lowder

4. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lessons Learned PMT Waveforms ARE Interesting Software Underestimated One Time Programmable CPU Worrisome: - No Post Deployment Evolution - Front Loaded Software Development - Not Enough Memory or Speed Event Rate Limit by Slow ADC in PIC (dead-time) JPL Version Not Designed to be Scalable Get to Network ASAP

5. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Scaling up: for AMANDA String 18: 40 Optical Modules, January 15, 2000

6. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Hybrid: Fiber & Digital Compromises/problems… +EIM and Noise Storm Immunity +100 PE linear dynamic range -Fiber ~7 PE dynamic range (without tricks) -Fiber Attrition -PMT HV Power Supply problems

7. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Design Drivers for IceCube Pulse Fidelity/Waveform Quality Wide Dynamic Range Event Timing Accuracy Low Dead-time Low Power Consumption Adequate CPU and Memory Remote Reprogramability, Software, and Firmware Off-Board Interfaces: PMT Power, and Flasher Board Cable Sharing: Bidirectional, Multi-Drop, Power, NO Fiber Long Lifetime/High Reliability/Cost Tradeoff Self Identification – No mapping files Built-in Calibration and Monitoring Features IceTop & In Ice DOMs Identical

8. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory FPGA and SOPC CPU CPLD Flash PMT Power SDRAM ATWD fADCDAC Monitor & Control LPF LC x16 x2 x0.25 Flasher Board Pulser DACs & ADCs Corning Frequency Ctl (was Toyocom) 4Mb 16Mb +/-5V, 3.3V, 2.5V, 1.8V 64 Bytes Delay Trigger (2) ADC Oscillator 20 MHz 40 MHz MUX (n+1) (n–1) DOR OB-LED x 2.6 x 9 10b 8b 32b 16b 8b 8b, 10b, 12b DP Ram 1 megabaud DC-DC Configuration Device 8Mbit Digital Optical Module Block Diagram GTP, LBNL, 26 Mar, 2004

9. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Rev 4.2

10. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Design Methodology Schematic Entry (Mentor) Layout Tools (Mentor) Simulations of Hardware subsystems Simulations of Firmware Testing in full scale prototype; 4 Major Revisions Prototyping in isolation Trade Studies Interface and Envelope Coordination with UW Circuitry Reviews; Reliability Reviews; HALT; HASS Framework Testing

11. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory For more information: Hardware: See http://rust.lbl.gov/~gtp/DOM Contact Gerald Przybylski Firmware Contact Thorsten Stezelberger Testing Contact Azriel Goldschmidt Software Contact Chuck McParland Contact Arthur Jones All of whom are at LBNL

12. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Part II: Subsystems Power conversion and conditioning Memory: Boot Flash, Flash, and SDRAM Configurable Logic: FPGA and CPLD Communications: DOM to Surface, LC PMT Signal Acquisition Local Clock Control, Monitoring and Forensics

13. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Waveform Quality Digitize at the PMT Anode to Overcome Dispersion in Transmission Line - PMT Waveform risetime of a few ns - Cable risetime from 1us to 2us - Improve noise immunity - High ATWD sampling rate, 128 Samples

14. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Wide Dynamic Range x0.25, x2, x16 gain inputs to ATWD - Achieve around 14 bits from 10 bit part 40 count SPE = 5mV into ATWD channel 0 800 PE = 1V into ATWD channel 2 PMT saturates at 5 to 6V into 50 ohms - Divided by 4 at input of ATWD channel 2 - System limited by PMT saturation!

15. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Event Timing Accuracy Synchronous Triggering - Requires Delay Line, but - Simplifies Noise Removal - 25ns Course Clock - ~ 3ns ATWD sample - < 1ns resolution from curve fitting Clock Phase Tracking - < 2ns jitter in 2us rise-time pulse

16. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Low Dead Time 128 ATWD samples per hit = ~ 420ns - Up to 4 Channels - ~50us to digitize and store data Two ATWDs per OM - Acquire into B while Digitizing A - or Deployed spare… Acquire fADC data for > 4000ns @ 40 msps Digitizing when Local Coincidence “Tag” is present

17. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Low Power Consumption High Performance, Low Power Amplifiers, Comparators, and Multiplexers High Performance, Low Power Data Converters - ATWDs, fADCs, and Communications DAC Coolrunner II CPLD ARM Hard Core CPU/FPGA Laptop SDRAM Main Memory High Efficiency Switcher Power Supplies

18. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Adequate CPU and Memory SOPC with ARM CPU and 400K Gate FPGA Replaces 256 Pin FPGA + 256 Pin CPU - Wider, Faster Bus… no bottle-necks - Improved speed – power - Bus to FPGA Bridge - for general I/O - FPGA to Bus Bridge - for Event DMA - Dual Port Ram - for Communications

19. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Remote Reprogrammibility FPGA as Configurable Peripheral Controller - Communications Rx Tx - PMT Event Acquisition - Calibration Controller CPLD as Glue Logic - Mediates Rebooting - Off-Board Peripheral Interface and Firewall - Serial DAC and ADC interfaces

20. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Off-Board Interfaces HV Control Pin-out Doubled-up - Enhance the reliability of Ribbon Cable - Digital Control and Read-out Interface 48 Pin Flasher Interface - Power-Down mode - Just Another Memory Mapped Peripheral - Firewalled through the CPLD - Event initiation on command from FPGA - Flasher Pulse Current Monitor

21. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Cable Sharing AMI Modulation, demonstrated in String 18 RAPCal, demonstrated in String 18 - Round Trip - Drift Tracking Two DOMs per DOM Hub Channel + Half the Cables, saving $$$, and Flights + Half the DOM Hubs, saving Power and Space - Double the Data Rate - Higher Firmware Complexity - Higher Cable Complexity - Higher Deployment Complexity

22. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Cost and Reliability Industrial Grade, or Better -40°C to +85°C … - Mil-Spec too costly, and narrow selection Vetted Component Manufacturers Qualified PCB maker, and Board Loader HALT and HASS Testing Manufacturers Reliability Information Studied STF Testing Component Cost ~ 10% to 15% more - e.g… 10 x Cost for Corning Oscillator

23. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Self Identification 64 bit Unique Digital ID in Each Flash Chip Configuration Building Software - Executed when DOMs are powered up Plug and Play - A or B identified by Jumper during manufacture. - Any DOM may be assigned A or B - Any A DOM and any B DOM may be installed on any pair. - Cable pairs may occupy any DOM-Hub Input Ident in PMT HV System, and in Flasher Board

24. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Built In Calibration Pulsers Front End Pulse Generator - Generates PMT like signals On-Board Single LED Pulser - Optimized for narrow pulses - PMT Transit Time Calibration Tool Daughter Board: Bright, Long Range LED Pulser - Geometry Calibration Tool - Shower Simulator Crude arbitrary waveform pulser circuit

25. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Built-in Monitoring/Forensics 24 slow ADC channels monitoring - Voltages - Currents - Temperature - Pressure 8 fast signal monitor inputs - Clock x1, Clock x2, - Communications input, - Upper and lower Local Coincidence, - LED Pulse Monitors Post deployment failure investigation

26. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory IceTop “vs.” IceCube One OM per Pair doubles data rate. Insulation moderates extreme temperature (-80°C) Dual Range operation spans air shower energy range. Active, critical involvement in meeting needs.

27. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory The End

28. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory XA Block Diagram CPU Side (Stripe) __________ “PLD” Side

29. Review, May 5, 2004Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Glossary ADC, Analog to Digital Converter AMI, Alternate Mark Inversion ATWD, Analog Transient Waveform Digitizer ATWR, Analog Transient Waveform Recorder ARM, Advanced Risk Machine CPLD, Complex Programmable Logic Device CPU, Central Processing Unit DMA, Direct Memory Access DOM, Digital Optical Module FPGA, Field Programmable Gate Array FSK, Frequency Shift Keying HALT, Highly Accelerated Life Testing HASS, Highly Accelerated Stress Screening JPL, Jet Propulsion Laboratory LED,Light Emitting Diode PCB, Printed Circuit Board PIC, Programmable Intelligent Computer. PMT, Photomultiplier Tube PSK, Phase Shift Keying RAPCal, Reciprocal Active Pulsing Calibration SCA, Switched Capacitor Array SOPC, System on a Programmable Chip STF, Simple Test Framework SwAmp, Swedish Amplifier for Analog Optical Modules over Twisted Pair