1. Pharaohs, Mummies, & Pyramids

2.  Located in North Africa  Large desert regions  Very dry climate  Nile River Valley center of civilization

3.  People began settling in villages along the Nile around 5000 BCE  Around 3100 BCE a strong leader united them into a single civilization  Historians divide the dynasties that ruled Egypt into three periods  Old Kingdom (2650 to 2150)  Middle Kingdom (2055 to 1650)  New Kingdom (1550 to 1070) In between these kingdoms and afterwards Egypt was conquered by other civilizations

4.  Led by a pharaoh (like a king)  Theocratic (people believed pharaoh was god)  Allowed for strong government and massive public projects (e.g. Pyramids) using forced labor

5.  Hieroglyphics (pictographic writing)  Uses pictures/symbols for sounds/words  Developed writing to keep accounts of supplies and manage large projects

6.  Polytheistic (many gods)  Pharaoh was a god  Sun god was most important  One pharaoh was monotheistic (tried to reform the whole country, but failed)  Believed in afterlife, judgment day, soul  Mummies were a result of the belief in eternal life

7.  Traded with other countries in Africa, Middle East and around the Mediterranean  Exported gold, wheat, barley, and papyrus  Imported lumber, minerals, spices, and exotic materials (ivory, leopard skins, etc.)  Led to a variety of social classes (see illustration)

8.  Paper (papyrus)  Shaduf (irrigation tool)  Make-up (men & women)  Clocks  Locks  Medicine  Shipbuilding

9. USED IN TEMPLES, TOMBS, & PALACES MASSIVE PUBLIC BUILDINGS (LIMESTONE, GRANITE, SANDSTONE PRIVATE BUILDINGS (SUN-DRIED BRICKS)

11.  Various social classes  Women had some rights (some even became pharaohs)  Could own property  Receive inheritance  Leisure Activities  Music & Dancing  Board Games

12.  Recruited from general population, led by royalty  One way for lower classes to advance in society  Armed with bows, arrows, spears, shields (eventually obtained chariots from invaders)

13.  They influence other civilizations like the Greeks and Romans in architecture and religion  Paper, medicinal practices, and lighthouses  Egyptians invented beer, make-up, and had a game similar to bowling