1. Jefferson's Presidency

2. 1800 Page 168 Section 3
Privately called his election the “revolution of 1800”
Thought Hamilton and Washington acted like royalty
Worked to create a more informal style for presidency
Ex: instead of formal receptions, intimate (friendly) dinners with a circular table
Why might the shape of the table make a difference to Jefferson?
“when brought together in society, all are perfectly equal”

3. Federalism vs. Anti-Federalism
Jefferson did not overturn all Federalist policies
Worked to integrate (combine) Republican ideas with existing Federalist policies in a few instances
However, Jefferson still hoped to limit federal power

4. Change Began paying off federal debts Cut government spending
Ended the whiskey tax
Planned on shrinking the army and relying on local militia
How did these changes reflect or reinforce Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican’s anti-federalist beliefs?

5. Economics
Federalists expected that Jefferson would close the national bank they worked to create
Jefferson named Albert Gallatin Secretary of the Treasury
Gallatin supported Hamilton’s system

6. Goals of Expansion
Jefferson strongly believed a republic (like the U.S.) would only survive if most people owned land
Led Jefferson to support expanding the country farther west

7. Causes for Concern 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte struck a deal with Spain
France got the Louisiana territory back in exchange for helping Spain take control of a part of Italy
Jefferson was concerned because this gave France control of the lower Mississippi
He believed this would force U.S. into an alliance with the British
Jefferson “despised”(hated) the British

8. Pre-Louisiana Purchase
In order to avoid an alliance with Britain, Jefferson tried to block the French and Spanish deal and/or gain concessions
Sent Robert Livingston (a U.S. Ambassador) to Paris, France in 1801
Unsuccessful until 1803, when Napoleon began planning to conquer Europe

9. Louisiana Purchase
In 1803, Napoleon wanted to avoid a British- American alliance in case France went to war with Britain
Also, France was low on funds
Napoleon offered to sell the Louisiana territory and New Orleans to the U.S.
Livingston accepted the deal immediately

10. Louisiana Purchase
April 30, 1803 U.S. officially bought Louisiana territory for million dollars plus an additional million dollars of French debts owed to American citizens equaling 3.75 million
Total cost about 15 million
Senate approved
basically doubled the size of the United States
Also, gave America complete control of the Mississippi river

13. Testing our Knowledge

14. Lewis and Clark
Prior to the Louisiana Purchase Jefferson asked congress to fund a secret expedition into the Louisiana territory
Wanted the explorers to follow the Missouri River and find a route to the Pacific Ocean
After Congress approved the expedition Jefferson selected Meriwether Lewis (Jefferson’s secretary) and William Clark (brother of Revolutionary War hero George Rogers Clark) to head the journey

15. “Corps of Discovery” Name of the Lewis and Clark expedition
During the journey they met Sacagawea a Shoshone woman who went along as a guide and interpreter
Found a path through the Rocky Mountains and traced the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean
Expedition also gave U.S. claim to the Oregon territory (along the coast)

16. Sacagawea and York
York -saved Clark’s life after a flash flood in the Missouri River, made several other contributions as well
Sacagawea- served as a guide and interpreter

17. The Pike Expedition Zebulon Pike –mapped the upper Mississippi
Charted what is now known as Pike’s Peak in Colorado
Mapped part of the Rio Grande
Overall, gave detailed description of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains

18. The Essex Junto Louisiana Purchase worried New England Federalists
Region would lose influence in national affairs
South and West would gain states giving them more political power
Small group of Federalists known as the Essex Junto drafted a plan to take New England out of the Union
The Junto persuaded vice president Aaron Burr to run for governor of NY in hopes of expanding their movement

19. Aaron Burr
Alexander Hamilton

20. The Duel Burr decided to run
During Burr’s Campaign Hamilton called Burr “a dangerous man, and one who ought not be trusted with the reins of government”
Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel
June 11, 1804 the two met
Burr shot Hamilton who died the next day

22. An Independent Judiciary
Towards the end of Adams presidency Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801
Created 16 new federal judge positions
Adams then appointed Federalist judges to these positions
These judges were called the “midnight judges”
Because Adams stayed up to midnight during his last day in office signing these appointments

23. Republican Response
Republicans were angry that the Federalists controlled the courts
When Jefferson took office he repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801
This took away the positions given to the “midnight judges”

24. Impeachments
Republicans then tried to remove additional Federalists judges through the process of impeachment
They believed that:
the power of impeachment was one of the checks and balances established in the Constitution
Congress could impeach judges as well as have them removed for “arbitrary”(random or biased) or “unfair” reasons and not just for breaking the law

25. Precedent
1804 the House of Representatives impeached Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase
During one trial he ordered Democratic-Republicans removed from the jury
He spoke badly about Jefferson to another jury
However, the Senate did not convict him
A number of senators did not believe he committed “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors” required in the Constitution for his removal
Since Chase was impeached but not convicted, his case determined that future judges could only be removed for criminal acts

26. Chief Justice John Marshall
Adams most significant judicial appointment
Served as Chief Justice 34 years
Largely credited for making the Supreme Court a major branch of the federal government
Largely through the case Marbury vs. Madison

27. Marbury vs. Madison (Background)
William Marbury (Federalist) was appointed by John Adams who signed his commission and sealed it with the official government seal the last night of his presidency
However, it had been left for the next secretary of state (James Madison) to deliver
Newly elected President Jefferson told Madison not to deliver it
Marbury sued for his commission as a Justice of the Peace based of off a part of the Judiciary Act of 1789

28. Marbury vs. Madison (Ruling)
“Requests for federal court orders go directly to the Supreme Court”
Marbury asked the court to “issue a court order” forcing Madison to deliver the documents
Court declared that this portion of the Judiciary Act of was unconstitutional (now invalid)
Directly goes against a portion of the Constitution
Constitution does not state that court orders are a type of case that goes directly to the Supreme Court
This marked the first time Judicial Review was used by the Supreme Court

29. Marbury vs. Madison (Results)
Madison did not have to deliver the commission to Marbury
But more importantly, the Supreme Court established their power to determine whether a law is constitutional
If not constitutional they can “strike it down” (end that law)

30. Pirates

31. The Barbary States

32. The Barbary Pirates
Jefferson had to deal with pirates raiding American ships in the Mediterranean
These acts of piracy were state-sponsored by Barbary States along the Northern Coast of Africa (Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, & Tripoli)
European countries paid “tribute” (bribes) to these Barbary States
In exchange the pirates would leave their ships alone
Thought it was less expensive than fighting

33. Barbary Pirates
1795, U.S. paid almost one-million dollars to the leader of Algiers to release one ship with its crew
Jefferson had enough of this before becoming president
He refused any more payments
Tripoli declared war on U.S. in 1801
Jefferson sent some of the navy to the Mediterranean region
Marks the first foreign military conflict in U.S. history

34. Military success
1805, America had posed a legitimate threat of a coup (rebellion) within Tripoli
The government in Tripoli backed off
America no longer had to pay tribute after another military conflict between the U.S. and the Barbary States in 1815

35. “Economic Warfare”
1803 Napoleon’s armies were at war with Britain (again)
Good for U.S. merchants at first
Traded with French Colonies since French ships were being attacked by British Navy
U.S. claimed neutrality and Britain left U.S. ships alone until…
1806 Britain issued the Orders in Council
All ships going to Europe must have British licenses and would be searched for contraband (illegal imports)

36. Napoleon’s Response
Anybody who follows Britain’s shipping regulations will have their goods (on their ships) confiscated by the French
Lose- Lose situation for American Merchants

37. America not Impressed British navy short on men
low pay and poor conditions
British sailors often escaped to American ships
Britain attempted to solve their shrinking navy through impressment :
A legalized form of kidnapping that forced people into military service
Britain stopped American ships and searched for deserters(runaways), often taking American citizens also

38. Final Straw
June 1807 British warship called the Leopard stopped an American warship called the Chesapeake
British searching for deserters
U.S. captain refused to cooperate
British opened fire killing three Americans
U.S. surrendered and the British took four U.S. soldiers

39. The Embargo Act 1807 U.S. press now spoke of war
In hopes of avoiding war, Jefferson urged congress to pass the Embargo Act 1807
Embargo- government forbids trade with another country/countries
This act hurt the U.S. more than Britain or France
Northeast-shipping business halted
South and West-demand for their crops dropped dramatically

40. Repeal
In March 1809, Towards the end of Jefferson’s second term , congress repealed the Embargo Act of 1807
This embargo made Jefferson’s popularity plummet
Jefferson returned to Monticello, his estate in Virginia after completing his second term as president
Succeeded in limiting some of the powers of the federal government
More than Doubled the size of the U.S. with the Louisiana Purchase

41. Monticello