1. Settling the Northern Colonies, 1619-1700
Cover Slide
The American Pageant
Chapter 3
Settling the Northern Colonies,
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2. The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism
Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral
Included several explosive ideas including
Bible alone was the source of God’s word (not the Bible and the church or pope)
People are saved simply by faith in Christ alone (not by faith and good works)
Actions ignited the Protestant Reformation

3. The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism
John Calvin preached Calvinism which stressed “predestination” (those going to Heaven or hell has already been determined by God).
Doctrines were stated in the 1536 document entitled Institutes of the Christian Religion
Stated that all humans were weak and wicked
Only the predestined could go to heaven, no matter what
Calvinists were expected to seek “conversions,” signs that they were one of the predestined, and afterwards, lead “sanctified lives”
Calvinists famous for working hard, dusk to dawn, to “prove” their worthiness
Impact of Calvinism - vividly stamped on the psyche of Americans, and been called the “Protestant Work Ethic”

4. The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism
In 1530s England, King Henry VIII - breaking ties with the Holy Roman Catholic Church
Puritans - influenced to totally reform (“purify”) the Church of England
The Puritans
Believed that only “visible saints” should be admitted to church membership
Separatists vowed to break away from the Church of England (AKA, the Anglican Church) because the “saints” would have to sit with the “damned.” (became the Pilgrims)
King James I, father of the beheaded Charles I, harassed the Separatists out of England
he thought that if people could defy him as their spiritual leader, they might defy him as their political ruler

5. The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth
The Pilgrims (Separatists) - from Holland - fled to after they had left England
Concerned that their children were getting too “Dutchified”
Wanted a place where they were free to worship their own religion and could live and die as good Pilgrims
Negotiated with the Virginia Company
Separatists left Holland and sailed for 65 days at sea on the Mayflower
Arrived 1620 off the rocky coast of New England (only one person died and one person was born)
Less than half of the pilgrims on the Mayflower were actually Separatists
Contrary to myth, the Pilgrims undertook a few surveys before deciding to settle at Plymouth, an area far from Virginia
The Pilgrims became squatters - people without legal right to land and without specific authority to establish government

6. The Pilgrims End Their Pilgrimage at Plymouth
Captain Myles Standish (AKA, “Captain Shrimp”) proved to be a great Indian fighter and negotiator
Before leaving the ship - Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact - a set of rules to obey
Wasn’t a constitution but did set the standard for later constitutions
Set the first step toward self-rule in the Northern colonies
Winter of , only 44 of the 102 survived
1621 brought bountiful harvests and the first Thanksgiving
William Bradford
chosen governor of Plymouth 30 times in the annual elections
great leader
helped Plymouth to survive and trade fur, fish, and lumber
Plymouth merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony

7. The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth
non-Separatist Puritans got a royal charter from England to settle in the New World
Secretly, they took the charter with them and later used it as a type of constitution
Was a well-equipped group of 11 ships that carried about 1,000 people to Massachusett
John Winthrop was
elected governor or deputy governor for 19 years
helped Massachusetts prosper in fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding

8. Building the Bay Colony
After the establishment of the colony
Franchise (right to vote) was extended to all “freemen” - adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations (later called the Congregational Church)
two fifths of the male population
Un-churched men and women weren’t allowed into matters of government
The provincial government was not a democracy
Governor Winthrop feared and distrusted the common people, calling democracy the “meanest and worst” of all forms of government
Religious leaders wielded powerful influence over the admission to church membership

9. Building the Bay Colony
John Cotton, a prominent clergy member, was educated at Cambridge and had immigrated to Massachusetts to avoid persecution for his criticism of the Church of England
Congregations could hire and fire their ministers at will
There were laws to limit Earthly pleasures
a fine of twenty shillings for couples caught kissing in public
The Puritan concept of Hell was very serious, frightening, and very real
Michael Wigglesworth’s “Day of Doom,” written in 1662, sold one copy for every twenty people

10. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth
Tensions arose in Massachusetts
Quakers were fined, flogged, and/or banished
Anne Hutchinson - very intelligent, strong-willed, talkative woman
claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. A notion known as “antinomianism”
Tried in boasted that her beliefs were directly from God
Banished from the colony and eventually made her way to Rhode Island
Died in New York after an attack by Indians

11. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth
Roger Williams
Radical idealist
Hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean and complete break with the Church of England
Went on to deny that civil government could and should govern religious behavior
Banished in 1635, and led the way for the Rhode Island colony

12. The Rhode Island “Sewer”
People who went to Rhode Island weren’t necessarily similar
Were unwanted everywhere else
Were against special privilege
“Little Rhody” later known as “the traditional home of the otherwise minded”
Secured a charter in 1644

13. New England Spreads Out
Hartford, Connecticut founded
Reverend Thomas Hooker
led an energetic group of Puritans west into Connecticut
settlers of the new Connecticut River colony drafted the Fundamental Orders
Basically a modern constitution
New Haven founded and merged into Connecticut
Maine absorbed by Massachusetts and remained so for nearly a century and a half
New Hampshire absorbed into Massachusetts
king separated the two and made New Hampshire a royal colony

14. Puritans Versus Indians
Before epidemic swept through the Indians, killing over ¾
Indians tried to befriend the Whites
Squanto, a Wampanoag, helped keep relative peace
after mounting tensions exploded
English settlers and the Pequot tribe fought - Pequot War
English set fire to a Pequot village on CT’s Mystic River
Annihilating the Indians and bringing about forty years of tentative peace
Puritans did try to convert some of the Indians
1675, Metacom (called King Philip by the English) united neighboring Indians in a last-ditched attack that failed
King Philip’s War slowed the colonial western march
Metacom was beheaded and quartered and
His head was stuck on a sharp pike for all to see, his wife and son sold to slavery

15. Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence
four colonies banded together to form the New England Confederation
Almost all Puritan
Weak, but still a notable milestone toward American unity
Colonies - basically allowed to be semiautonomous commonwealths
Charles II - restored to the British throne
Hoped to control his colonies more firmly
Shocked to find how much his orders were ignored by Massachusetts
Punishment, a sea-to-sea charter was given to rival Connecticut (1662), and a charter was given to Rhode Island (1663)
1684, Massachusetts’ charter was revoked

16. Andros Promotes the First American Revolution
Dominion of New England created
To bolster the colonial defense against Indians and
To tie the colonies closer to Britain by enforcing the hated Navigation Acts - Acts forbade American trade with countries other than Britain
Result - smuggling became common
Head of the Dominion - Sir Edmund Andros
Headquarters in Boston
Openly showed association with the hated Church of England
Soldiers were vile-mouthed and despised by Americans
Responded to opposition by curbing town meetings, restricting the courts and the press, and revoking all land titles
Taxed the people without their consent

17. Andros Promotes the First American Revolution
People of England staged the Glorious Revolution, instating William and Mary to the crown
Dominion of New England collapsed
Massachusetts - new charter in 1691
allowed all landowners to vote, as opposed to the previous law of voting belonging only to the church members

18. Old Netherlanders at New Netherland
17th Century - Netherlands revolted against Spain
Britain helped them gain independence
The Dutch East India Company established
army of 10,000 men and a fleet of 190 ships
Dutch West India Company raided rather than traded
Henry Hudson ventured into Delaware and New York Bay and claimed the area for the Netherlands
Dutch West India Company bought Manhattan Island
New Amsterdam a company town, run by and for the Dutch company and in the interests of stockholders
Dutch gave patroonships (large areas of land) to promoters who agreed to settle at least 50 people on them
New Amsterdam attracted people of all types and races
One French Jesuit missionary counted 18 different languages being spoken on the street

19. Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors
Indian’s attacked the Dutch for their cruelties
New England hostile against Dutch growth
Swedes trespassed Dutch reserves from 1638 to 1655
planting the anemic colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River
Dutch erected a wall in New Amsterdam - for which Wall Street is named today
Dutch sent one-legged Peter Stuyvesant to besiege the main Swedish fort and he won
ended Swedish colonial rule and left only Swedish log cabins and place names as evidence that the Swedes were ever in Delaware

20. Dutch Residues in New York
Charles II granted the area of modern-day New York to his brother, the Duke of York
British troops landed and defeated the Dutch, kicking them out, without much violence
New Amsterdam was renamed New York
Dutch Legacy
People of New York retained their autocratic spirit
Dutch names of cities remained, like Harlem, Brooklyn, and Hell Gate
Architecture left its mark on buildings
Dutch also gave us Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf

21. Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania
Quakers (characteristics)
“Quaked” under deep religious emotion
Offensive to religious and civil rule
Addressed everyone with simple “thee”s and “thou”s and didn’t swear oaths because Jesus had said “Swear not at all,” this last part creating a problem, since you had to swear a test oath to prove that you weren’t Roman Catholic
Stubborn and unreasonable, they were simple, devoted, democratic people against war and violence
William Penn - well-born Englishman, embraced Quaker faith
secured an immense grant of fertile land from the king
Called Pennsylvania, in honor of Penn
Modest person he insisted that it be called Sylvania
Best advertised of all the colonies

22. Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors
Thousands of squatters lived in Pennsylvania
Philadelphia carefully planned with beautiful, wide streets
Penn bought land from the Indians (Chief Tammany)
Patron saint of New York’s political Tammany Hall
Treatment of the Indians was gentle
Quakers could walk through Indian territory unarmed without fear of being hurt
Non-Quakers came to PA - mistreated the Indians
Freedom of worship - available to everyone except for Jews and Catholics (only because of pressure from London)
Death penalty for murder and treason
No restrictions on immigration, and naturalization was easy
Quakers developed a dislike toward slavery

23. Quaker Pennsylvania and Its Neighbors
PA attracted a variety of people from all races, class, and religion
1700, only VA was more populous and richer
Penn not well-liked
Friendliness towards James II, the deposed Catholic king
Jailed at times, and also suffered a paralytic stroke, dying full of sorrows
New Jersey and Delaware prospered

24. The Middle Way in the Middle Colonies
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania
All had fertile soil and broad expanse of land
All except for Delaware exported lots of grain
Susquehanna River tapped the fur trade of the interior, and the rivers were gentle, with little cascading waterfalls
Middle colonies the middle way between New England and the southern plantation states
Landholdings were generally intermediate in size
Middle colonies more ethnically mixed than other colonies
Considerable amount of economic and social democracy
Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, entered Philadelphia as a seventeen-year-old in 1720 with a loaf of bread under each arm and immediately found a congenial home in the urbane, open atmosphere of the city.
Americans realize that not only were they surviving, but that they were also thriving

25. Makers of America: The English
1600s - England undergoing a massive population boom
About 75% of English immigrants were indentured servants
Most of them were young men from the “middling classes”
Some fled during the cloth trade slump while others were forced off their land due to enclosure
40% of indentured servants died before seven years were over
17th century - supply of indentured servants ran out, southerners resolved to employ black slaves
1629 – Puritans swarmed to Massachusetts Bay Colony
Puritans migrated in family groups, not alone
Puritans brought the way of life from England with them
Marblehead, Mass. mostly fishermen because immigrants had been fisherman in England

26. Beaver as Worker and Prey, from Chatelain's Carte Tres Curieuse de la Mer du Sud, Atlas Historique, vol. VI
Beaver as Worker and Prey, from Chatelain's Carte Tres Curieuse de la Mer du Sud, Atlas Historique, vol. VI
This French engraving illustrates beavers' environmental impact and Indian methods of hunting them for commercial purposes. (National Archives of Canada)
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27. Petition for bail from accused witches, 1692
This is a copy of the actual petition signed by the accused witches of the Salem witchcraft trials. (Library of Congress)
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28. The Stadthuys of New York, 1679
Its location at the mouth of the Hudson River made the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam a particularly important colonial trading center. Furs flowed down the river from Fort Orange (near modern Albany, New York) while guns, tools, and other trade goods traveled the other way. Both river and sea traffic were central to the city's existence as shown in this painting of the Dutch statehouse (stadthuys) from 1679, which overlooked the harbor. (Prints Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photography. The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundation)
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29. View of Quebec, 1699, showing Canadian Indians
New France's security was built on its rising commercial economy and its close ties to Canada's Indians. (National Archives of Canada)
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30. Map: Atlantic Trade Routes
By the late seventeenth century, an elaborate trade network linked the countries and colonies bordering the Atlantic Ocean. The most valuable commodities exchanged were enslaved people and the products of slave labor.
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31. Map: Louisiana, c. 1720
Louisiana, c. 1720
By 1720 French forts and settlements dotted the Mississippi River and its tributaries in the interior of North America. Two isolated Spanish outposts were situated near the Gulf of Mexico.
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32. Map: New York Manors and Land Grants
Between 1684 and 1703, English governors awarded most of the best land east of the Hudson River as manors to prominent politicians--the majority of them Dutch--whose heirs became the wealthiest elite in the rural northern colonies.
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33. Map: The Geography of Witchcraft: Salem Village, 1692
Geographic patterns of witchcraft testimony mirrored tensions within Salem Village. Accused witches and their defenders lived mostly in the village's eastern division or in Salem town, whereas their accusers overwhelmingly resided in the village's western sector.
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34. Map: The Middle Colonies
This map shows the major towns, cities, and forts in the colonies of New York, Pennsylvania (including Delaware), and New Jersey. The prosperity of the region was based on the thriving commerce of its largest cities, Philadelphia and New York, and on the commercial production of wheat.
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35. Map: The Settlements of the Lower South
This map shows the towns and fortifications of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, as well as the overlapping claims by the Spanish and the English to the territory south and west of Fort King George. The many Georgia forts reflect that colony's role as a buffer state between rice-rich South Carolina and the Spanish troops stationed in Florida.
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