11. others 500 12 3 70

12. 1Co 15:6 Then he appeared to more than five hundred brethren at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep.

13. Oral and written traditions behind the gospels Collected, memorized and (perhaps) recorded: Sayings of Jesus Sayings of Jesus Miracle stories Miracle stories Passion narrative Passion narrative from the German Quelle, "source"

15. Various Source Hypotheses Various Source Hypotheses 2SH holds that Mark was the first gospel to be composed and became the primary narrative source for Matthew and Luke (Markan priority). In addition, Matthew and Luke independently supplemented their Markan material with sayings of Jesus from a lost sayings collection, termed "Q". 4SH: Matthew's and Luke's own special sources are postulated to be distinct, written sources posits three sources for Luke: Mark, Q, and to a lesser extent Matthew Matthew and Luke used the first version of Mark (pMk), which was revised into Secret Mark (dMk). Our Mark then comes an edited version of Secret Mark. Markan Hypothesis Proto gospel and Q The Logia Translation Hypothesis from Hebrew and Greek stories

17. the early church gathered for a meal and remembered the life, works and the words of Jesus

18. Memories fade Memories fade People who witnessed the event die People who witnessed the event die The 4 gospels were written very early after Jesus’ death and resurrection: The 4 gospels were written very early after Jesus’ death and resurrection: Mark: around 70 A.D. Mark: around 70 A.D. Matthew: around 80 A.D. Matthew: around 80 A.D. Luke: around 80 A.D. Luke: around 80 A.D. John: around 90 A.D. John: around 90 A.D.

19. Collecting the books Canonization of the New Testament Phase I About 50 A.D. – 100 A.D. The Apostles Consider their Writings to be scripture. Paul – Colossians 4:16, I Thessalonians 5:27, II Thessalonians 2:15 Peter – II Peter 1:15, 3:1-2 Paul – I Timothy 5:18 Peter – II Peter 3:15-16

20. It was the Apostolic witness that formed the core of the faith of Christians all around the World

23. ca. 51-100 AD: The New Testament books are written. But during this same period other early Christian writings are produced: The Didache (ca. 70) The Didache (ca. 70) 1 Clement (ca. 96) 1 Clement (ca. 96) The Epistle of Barnabas (ca. 100) The Epistle of Barnabas (ca. 100) 7 Letters of Ignatius of Antioch (ca. 110) 7 Letters of Ignatius of Antioch (ca. 110) The Shepherd of Hermas (ca. 100) The Shepherd of Hermas (ca. 100) If you want to read them: www.earlychristianwritings.com If you want to read them: www.earlychristianwritings.com Oldest MS of John 125 AD

24. Development of the New Testament Canon

26. incorporates Christian ideas. (mid-second century) Proliferation of Gnostic writings Gospels Acts Apocalypses

27. Gospels Gospel of Mary Gospel of Thomas Gospel of Truth Gospel of Philip Gospel of Judas Apocalypse The Apocryphon of John The Apocalypse of Adam Thomasine works Hymn of Jude Thomas the Apostle in the Country of Indians The Gospel of Thomas The Book of Thomas: The Contender Writing to the Perfect Valentinian. ca 153 AD/CE, Bishop of Rome The Divine Word Present in the Infant On the Three Natures Adam's Faculty of Speech To Agathopous: Jesus' Digestive System Annihilation of the Realm of Death On Friends: The Source of Common Wisdom Basilides (132–? CE/AD). The Octet of Subsistent Entities The Uniqueness of the World Election Naturally Entails Faith and Virtue The State of Virtue (Fragment D) The Elect Transcend the World (Fragment E) Reincarnation

28. In India this generated new Iswaras in the place of Isa This gave rise to Hinduism

29. ca. 140AD: He was a businessman in Rome. Marcion donated 200,000 sesterces to the Church of Rome after Pope Hyginus died in 143, an impressive sum of money. Many have conjectured that this "gift" was actually a calculated bribe on the part of Marcion and his adherents in order to obtain the bishopric of Rome. (c.110-160)

30. ca. 140AD: There are two Gods: There are two Gods: Yahweh, the cruel God of the Old Testament Yahweh, the cruel God of the Old Testament Abba, the kind father of the New Testament Abba, the kind father of the New Testament Marcion, Marcion, (c.110-160)

31. Marcion’s Canon Gospel according to Luke Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians (Laodiceans) Colossians Thessalonians I Thessalonians II Philemon

32. Marcion's "New Testament“—the first to be compiled forced other Christian leaders, like Irenaeus, to decide on a core canon:

33. Tests for inclusion three main criteria were used 1.Early date Was it written within a 100 years of the death of Jesus? Written during the life time of Apostles. John died in AD 100 2. Apostolic connections What eye witness corrobation is behind it? 3. Intrinsic soundness Quality of theological reflection Is it Good Theology? The Incarnation and historicity of Jesus of Nazareth

34. Canonization of the New Testament Phase II About 100 A.D. – 170 A.D. First collection of New Testament books showed up in Rome. Other areas held some collections of New Testament books Each region or area would have a different collection of books The church had no council, meeting, or conference to bring all the apostolic writings together. Distance kept the New testament canon very diverse. Each church used and read the writings it had.

36. Irenaeus’ list ca. 180 AD Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Thessalonians I Thessalonians II I Timothy II Timothy Titus James (?) 1 Peter 1 John Revelation of John Shepherd of Hermas

37. Canonization of the New Testament Phase III About 70 A.D. – 200 A.D. Early Church Fathers consider the Apostolic letters to be scripture Clement of Rome – refers to Matthew, Luke, Romans, Corinthians, Hebrews, I Timothy, I Peter. Polycarp – Quotes Philippians, and nine other of Paul's Epistles. Ignatius – Quotes Matthew, I Peter, I John, and nine of Paul’s Epistles. Papias (pupil of John) – Quotes John and talks about the origin of Matthew and Mark Others Tatian, Justin Martyr, Basilides, Marcion, Irenaeus, Tertullian, Origen All considered the Apostolic letters to be scripture

38. But the periphery of the canon is not yet determined. According to one list, compiled at Rome around 200 (often called the Muratorian Canon), the NT consists of: The 4 Gospels (though first 2 are missing) The 4 Gospels (though first 2 are missing) Acts Acts 13 letters of Paul (Hebrews is not included) 13 letters of Paul (Hebrews is not included) 1-2 John 1-2 John Jude Jude The Apocalypse of Peter. The Apocalypse of Peter. But not Hebrews, James, 3 John, 1 & 2 Peter, or Revelation But not Hebrews, James, 3 John, 1 & 2 Peter, or Revelation AD 200 Muratorian fragment List

39. Canonization of the New Testament Phase IV About 300A.D. – 340 A.D. Constantine accepts Christianity. He orders 50 Bibles to be prepared for all the churches in his city Constantinople. Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea was given the job of preparing the 50 Bibles.

41. 300 AD Eusebius of Caesarea Church Historian Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340 Eusebius lived through the Great Persecution under Diocletian and served as the bishop of Caesarea during the reign of Constantine. He was one of the bishops present at the Council of Nicaea. He is best known for writing his Ecclesiastical History.

42. 300 AD Eusebius of Caesarea Church Historian Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340 Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History When he wrote his History, Eusebius' vital concern was to record facts before they disappeared and before eyewitnesses might be killed and libraries might be burned during the next persecution. He faithfully transcribed the most important existing documents of his day, enabling later generations to have a collection of factual history about the first three centuries of Christianity. Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History is one of the classics of early Christianity and stands in equal stature with the historical works of Josephus.

43. Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340

44. “recognized,” “disputed,” “spurious” and “heretical” 300 AD Eusebius of Caesarea Church Historian Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340

45. Recognized: The four Gospels, The four Gospels, Acts, Acts, Paul’s letters, Paul’s letters, 1 John, 1 John, 1 Peter 1 Peter and “if it really seems right,” Revelation and “if it really seems right,” Revelation Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340

46. Disputed: James, James, Jude, Jude, 2 Peter 2 Peter and and 2 & 3 John 2 & 3 John Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340

47. Spurious: Acts of Paul, Shepherd of Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Letter of Barnabas, the Didache, the Gospel of the Hebrews and, Spurious: Acts of Paul, Shepherd of Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Letter of Barnabas, the Didache, the Gospel of the Hebrews and, “if it seems right,” Revelation “if it seems right,” Revelation Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340 Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History

48. Heretical: Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias, etc., Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias, etc., Acts of Andrew, John or other apostles Acts of Andrew, John or other apostles Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340 Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History

49. Using groups 1and 2, he made his list of accepted books. Which happen to be identical to our modern day list of New Testament books.

50. 367AD : Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, in his Easter letter. The earliest extant list of the books of New Testament, in exactly the number and order in which we presently have them in his Easter letter of 367

51. We must remember that the whole process was rather fluid and took place over a long period of time. At one stage certain books that are now in were out and others that are now out were in. Eusebius wrote a list of books in AD 320 and Bp Athanasius in AD367 makes the first record of what we recognise as the New Testament Many strands forms the thread

52. Canonization of the New Testament Phase V About 397A.D. The Council of Carthage Gave formal approval to canonize 27 books of the New Testament. These books were the same 27 listed by Eusebius research. All 27 books had already been accepted by the churches through the years. These same 27 books now make up our modern New Testament.

54. 397AD: The North African Council of Carthage reproduces the same list and declares:

55. 397AD: The North African Council of Carthage reproduces the same list and declares: “apart from the canonical Scriptures nothing is to be read in church under the name of the divine Scriptures … Let the church across the sea be consulted for the confirmation of this canon.”

56. Closing of the Canon settled to mark out against Heresy, That which the Church considered to be a true and genuine reflection of Christian Teaching, covering the life and work of Jesus, how to live the Christian Faith, useful for teaching and encouraging the church to witness and persevere in the face of persecution.

57. Non-canonical Christian Writings “Apocryphal” works – not accepted into NT Canon “Apocryphal” works – not accepted into NT Canon Why not? – written later; different theology; used by heretical groups? Why not? – written later; different theology; used by heretical groups? More “Gospels”: Gospels of Thomas, Peter, Judas, etc. More “Gospels”: Gospels of Thomas, Peter, Judas, etc. More “Acts”: Acts of Paul, of Peter, of Thomas, etc. More “Acts”: Acts of Paul, of Peter, of Thomas, etc. More “Apocalypses”: Apoc. of John, of Peter, etc. More “Apocalypses”: Apoc. of John, of Peter, etc.

58. Non-canonical Christian Writings “Patristic” works – also not in NT, but different reasons “Patristic” works – also not in NT, but different reasons Why not? – not “apostolic” (i.e., written later, but theology acceptable) Why not? – not “apostolic” (i.e., written later, but theology acceptable) More “Letters/Epistles”: by Barnabas, Clement, Ignatius of Antioch, etc. More “Letters/Epistles”: by Barnabas, Clement, Ignatius of Antioch, etc. More “Homilies/Sermons”: by later bishops & teachers More “Homilies/Sermons”: by later bishops & teachers Other Genres: Biblical commentaries; theological treatises; etc. Other Genres: Biblical commentaries; theological treatises; etc. 4 th & 5 th Cent. “Creeds”: summary statements of Christian beliefs 4 th & 5 th Cent. “Creeds”: summary statements of Christian beliefs

59. 1536: Martin Luther translates the Bible from Hebrew and Greek to German. 1536: Martin Luther translates the Bible from Hebrew and Greek to German. He assumes that, since Jews wrote the Old Testament, theirs is the correct canon. He assumes that, since Jews wrote the Old Testament, theirs is the correct canon. He puts the extra 7 books in an appendix that he calls the "Apocrypha." He puts the extra 7 books in an appendix that he calls the "Apocrypha." This is the Old Testament that most Protestants use (Anglicans also use the Apocrypha devotionally). This is the Old Testament that most Protestants use (Anglicans also use the Apocrypha devotionally). AD 1536 Martin Luther

60. 1536: In his translation of the Bible from Greek into German, Luther removes 4 NT books Hebrews, James, Jude, and Revelation from their normal order and places them at the end, stating that they are less than canonical. Most other Protestants do not agree with him. Martin Luther

61. AD 1546: The Catholic Church council which made a formal claim about the extent of the Christian canon Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, Coptic and other Christians do not consider this council universal reaffirms the canonicity of all 46 books of OT. and 27 books of NT

62. The Reliablity of Transmission The Reliablity of Transmission II

63. Is the Bible reliable in transmission? By the end of the 1 9th century, however, archaeological discoveries had confirmed the accuracy of the New Testament manuscripts. Discoveries of early papyri bridged the gap between the time of Christ and existing manuscripts from a later date. Those findings increased scholarly confidence in the reliability of the Bible. William F. Albright, "We can already say emphatically that there is no longer any solid basis for dating any book of the New Testament after about A.D. 80, two full generations before the date between 130 and 150 given by the more radical New Testament critics of today."

64. The importance of Time of writing There are still people ALIVE in 70 A.D. who were alive in 30-33 A.D. There are still people ALIVE in 70 A.D. who were alive in 30-33 A.D. If Mark was lying, he would be corrected for sure If Mark was lying, he would be corrected for sure 30-33 A.D. Jesus’ death and resurrection 70 A.D. Mark’s gospel 40 years

65. Bible vs Julius Caesar’s bio Bible vs Julius Caesar’s bio Caesar died 44 B.C. Jesus died 30 A.D. Mark Earliest Surviving Copy Mark Tacitus 70 A.D. 60 A.D. 100 yrs 40 yrs 350 A.D. Earliest Surviving Copy Tacitus 950 AD

66. Writing Bible vs Alexander’s bio Alex died 323 BC Jesus died 30 AD Mark Earliest Surviving Copy Mark Plutarch 70 AD 60 AD 400 yrs !!! 40 yrs 350 AD Earliest Surviving Copy Plutarch 950 AD

67. Work When Written Earliest Copy Time Span No. of copies New Testament A.D. 40- 100 A.D. 125 25 yrs 24,000 Homer (Iliad) 900 B.C. 400 B.C 500 yrs 643 Sophocles 496-406 B.C A.D. 1000 1,400 yrs 193 Aristotle 384-322 B.C. A.D. 1100 1,400 yrs 49 Caesar (Gallic Wars) 100-44 B.C. A.D. 900 1000 yrs 10

68. Author Date Written Earliest Copy Approximate Time Span between original & copy Number of Copies Accuracy of Copies Lucretius died 55 or 53 B.C. 1100 yrs2---- Pliny61-113 A.D.850 A.D.750 yrs7---- Plato427-347 B.C.900 A.D.1200 yrs7---- Demosthenes4th Cent. B.C.1100 A.D.800 yrs8---- Herodotus480-425 B.C.900 A.D.1300 yrs8---- Suetonius75-160 A.D.950 A.D.800 yrs8---- Thucydides460-400 B.C.900 A.D.1300 yrs8---- Euripides480-406 B.C.1100 A.D.1300 yrs9---- Aristophanes450-385 B.C.900 A.D.120010---- Caesar100-44 B.C.900 A.D.100010---- Livy59 BC-AD 17----???20---- Tacituscirca 100 A.D.1100 A.D.1000 yrs20---- Aristotle384-322 B.C.1100 A.D.140049---- Sophocles496-406 B.C.1000 A.D.1400 yrs193---- Homer (Iliad)900 B.C.400 B.C.500 yrs64395% New Testament 1st Cent. A.D. (50-100 A.D. 2nd Cent. A.D. (c. 130 A.D. f.) less than 100 years560099.5% Comparision of the Survival of New Testament texts and other ancient documents

69. Comparision of Survival of New Testament texts and other ancient doc. of that time New Testament texts Work Author's Lifespan Date of Events Earliest surviving fragment Time between fragment and event Matthew0-70?0 - 30 A.D.~150 A.D.< 130 years Mark15-90?27 - 30 A.D.~50 A.D.< 20 years !!! Luke10-80?0 - 30 A.D.~400 A.D.< 400 years John10-100?27 - 30 A.D.~130 A.D.< 100 years Non-New Testament Contempory texts Josephus (War) 37-100200 BC - 70 A.D.~1050 A.D.> 1000 years Jesephus (Antiquities) 37-100200 BC - 65 A.D.~1050 A.D.> 1000 years Pliny's letters60-11597 - 112 A.D.~850 A.D.> 700 years

71. The New Testament has survived in more manuscripts than any other book from antiquity (i.e., there are many more copies of the New Testament from ancient times in the world today) 24,000 partial and complete manuscripts

72. There are now more than 5,300 known Greek manuscripts of the New Testament. Add over 10,000 Latin Vulgate and at least 9,300 other early versions (MSS) and So we have more than 24,000 manuscript copies of portions of the New Testament in existence today.

73. MANUSCRIPT RELIABILITY SUPPORTED BY VARIOUS LANGUAGES AND VERSIONS Syriac versions Old Syriac Syriac Peshitta. 150-250 AD. 4 th C. 350 MSS Palestinian Syriac. 400-450 AD Philoxenian 508 AD By Polycarp Harkleian Syriac. 616 AD Coptic (or Egyptian) versions Sahidic. 3 rd C. Bohairic 5 th C Middle Egyptian 4-5 th C. Latin versions Old Latin. 4th – 13th C African Old Latin - 400 AD. Codex Corbiensis 400-500 AD four Gospels. Codex Vercellensis 360 AD. Latin Vulgate 366-384 AD by Jerome Other early versions Armenian 4 th C Gothic. 4 th C Georgian. 5 th C Ethiopic. 6 th C Nubian. 6 th C

74. Accuracy of Transmission 86,000 quotations from the early church fathers and several thousand Lectionaries (church-service books containing Scripture quotations used in the early centuries of Christianity).

75. New Testament has survived in a purer form than any other book – a form that is 99.5% pure. (i.e., 99.5% of the New Testament that we read today is exactly the same as the orignal copy that was written almost 2000 years ago !!!)

77. Some Terms Papyrus – Ancient writing paper made from the papyrus plant. MS – Two letters used to denote a handwritten copy of the scriptures. Parchment – Animal skins that have been prepared to be used like paper. Vellum – Calf-skin that has been prepared to be used like paper. Codex – Means book form. Papyrus sheets put together to make reading easier. Canon – An official list, group, or segment of accepted books. Scrolls – Papyrus sheets glued together and rolled around a stick, usually 20-30 feet long. Septuagint – The Greek translation of the Old Testament. Dead Sea Scrolls – Scrolls found in the caves of Qumran which contained many old testament books. These scrolls were 1000 years older than the MS we had.

79. Ancient Writing Materials Papyrus (reed plant) Papyrus (reed plant) Cut in strips, flattened Cut in strips, flattened Less expensive, durable Less expensive, durable Papyri refers to the material the text is written on, papyrus. Papyrus manuscripts are the earliest witness to the New Testament. extant papyrus manuscripts of the New Testament ranges from the second century CE to the eight century CE. Papyrus manuscripts are designated using the letter "P" followed by numerals in superscript (e.g. P1, P52 etc). There are about 96 papyrus manuscripts.

80. P 52 - Oldest NT fragment Ca. 125 – 150 C.E. (now in John Rylands Library, Manchester) Ca. 125 – 150 C.E. (now in John Rylands Library, Manchester) front: John 18:31-33back: John 18:37-38 front: John 18:31-33back: John 18:37-38

81. P 46 Oldest manuscript of the Pauline letters. Oldest manuscript of the Pauline letters. Originally part of the Chester Beatty Papyri Originally part of the Chester Beatty Papyri Written ca. AD 200 Written ca. AD 200 Total of 104 pages, but several are now missing Total of 104 pages, but several are now missing Included at least ten of the Pauline letters Included at least ten of the Pauline letters This image shows the text of 2 Cor 11:33–12:9 This image shows the text of 2 Cor 11:33–12:9

82. Ancient Writing Materials Vellum / Parchment Animal skins, prepared More expensive, durable

83. Ancient Writing Format Scroll Scroll Rolled, sealed on outside Rolled, sealed on outside Written on one side only Written on one side only Papyrus or Vellum Papyrus or Vellum Codex Sheets stacked, bound Written on both sides Papyrus or Vellum

84. Uncials, refers to the formal capital letters used in the writing of the text. Uncial manuscripts are normally written on parchments (animal hides). extant New Testament uncial manuscripts ranges from the turn of the third century CE to the 11th century CE. There are 299 extant uncial manuscripts.

85. Minuscules refer to the small letters written with a running hand. Minuscules form the bulk of the manuscripts (approx 2,800) but are also the latest and furthest removed from the original manuscripts. The earliest minuscule manuscripts date from 9th century.

88. How we got our New Testament Text

89. Early Versions of the New Testament Old Latin (OL) versions, end of the 2C AD available copies date from the fourth to the thirteenth century. There are, extant, about 50 manuscript fragments of OL, none of which contains the complete New Testament Latin Vulgate translation of Jerome (c342-420). Today the more than 8,000 extant manuscripts of the Vulgate show numerous cross contamination of all textual types. The Old Syriac 4 th -5 th C AD called the Curetonianus The Peshitta, of Syrian Churches extant 350 manuscripts, contains 22 books of the New Testament but lacks II & III John, II Peter, Jude and Revelation-which the Syrian Church does not accept as canonical. Coptic, written with Greek alphabets (with additional letters). 4C AD

90. Pre-Constantine Era (1 st – 3 rd Cent.) Pre-Constantine Era (1 st – 3 rd Cent.) Christians were poor, persecuted, minority Christians were poor, persecuted, minority NT texts: only few papyrus scraps survive NT texts: only few papyrus scraps survive

91. Biblical Texts Emperor Constantine Emperor Constantine Edict of Milan (312 C.E.) Edict of Milan (312 C.E.) Imperial support of Christianity Imperial support of Christianity Construction of Churches Construction of Churches Full Bible Codices on Vellum some survive from 4 th / 5 th Cent.: Full Bible Codices on Vellum some survive from 4 th / 5 th Cent.: Codex Sinaiticus Codex Sinaiticus Codex Vaticanus Codex Vaticanus Codex Alexandrinus, etc. Codex Alexandrinus, etc.

94. It has been accurately transmitted over time through the copying of its documents There are more than 5,000 complete or partial manuscripts of New Testaments books available today in Greek, let alone other ancient manuscripts in Latin and other languages and distributed all around the world. The wealth and antiquity of the documents established the basic trustworthiness of their transmission. Portions of the New Testament that are textually uncertain — which are noted in the marginal notes of a good Bible — are rare; further, they bring into question no Christian doctrine.

95. Codices

96. The Oldest Codex’s These were MS’s. they were all hand written Codex Sinaiticus Made in 4 th century Only MS with the entire New Testament Located in the British Museum Codex Vaticanus B 03 Made in 4 th century Located in the Vatican Library Codex Alexandrianus A 02 Made in 5 th century Located in the British Museum The Vaticanus is arguably the most important and probably the earliest (early fourth century) of all the New Testament manuscripts. The New Testament is not complete however, as everything after Hebrews 9:14 is lost. 01 Constantine Tischendorf (1815- 1874) found the manuscript in 1844 in the monastery of St. Catherine in Mount Sinai.

97. Canonization of the New Testament Other Codex’s These were MS’s. they were all hand written Codex Ephraem C 04 Made in 5 th century Located in Paris Codex Beza D 05 Made in 5 th century Located in the University of Cambridge Codex Washington W 032 Made in 4 th century Located in the Smithsonian Library Codex Koridethi, Q 038. Made in the ninth century It contains the four gospels with some gaps

98. III Translations

99. John Wycliffe 1320 – 1384 1384 AD: Wycliffe is the First Person to Produce a (Hand- Written) manuscript Copy of the Complete Bible in English (80 Books). Wycliffe had no access to Greek or Hebrew manuscripts and was thus totally reliant on the fourth century Latin translation of St. Jerome - the Vulgate.

100. John Wycliffe 1320 – 1384 He is considered the founder of the Lollard movement, a precursor to the Protestant Reformation The Council of Constance declared Wycliffe (on 4 May 1415) a stiff-necked heretic and under the ban of the Church. It was decreed that his books be burned and his remains be exhumed.Council of Constance Twelve years afterward, at the command of Pope Martin V they were dug up, burned, and the ashes cast into the River Swift, which flows through Lutterworth

101. John CAP 1 1 In the bigynnyng was the word, and the word was at God, and God was the word. 2 This was in the bigynnyng at God. 3 Alle thingis weren maad bi hym, and withouten hym was maad no thing, that thing that was maad. 4 In hym was lijf, and the lijf was the liyt of men; and the liyt schyneth in derknessis, 5 and derknessis comprehendiden not it. 6 A man was sent fro God, to whom the name was Joon. 7 This man cam in to witnessyng, that he schulde bere witnessing of the liyt, that alle men schulden bileue bi hym. 8 He was not the liyt, but that he schulde bere witnessing of the liyt. 9 There was a very liyt, which liytneth ech man that cometh in to this world. 10 He was in the world, and the world was maad bi hym, and the world knew hym not. 11 He cam in to his owne thingis, and hise resseyueden hym not. 12 But hou many euer resseyueden hym, he yaf to hem power to be maad the sones of God, to hem that bileueden in his name; the whiche not of bloodis, 13 nether of the wille of fleische, nether of the wille of man, but ben borun of God. Bible in the language of the people unto salvation

102. Johannes Gutenberg Discovers Printing Press He started printing Bibles 1855 Born 1394-99? - Died 1468 The First Book Ever Printed is Gutenberg's Bible in Latin.

103. Machine-printed, hand-painted Gutenberg Bible in Latin

104. Gutenberg Bible, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

107. The first printed edition of the New Testament in English was the translation by William Tyndale, probably printed by Peter Schoeffer, the Younger, at Worms, Germany, in 1525 or 1526. Only one complete copy of that first printing still exists. The translation had been officially condemned by the English bishops, and all copies that could be found were burned. Tyndale himself was condemned for heresy and burned at the stake in 1536,

108. In 1526, Tyndale finally completed the first-ever printed New Testament in English. Translating the Bible into English without permission was a serious crime, punishable by death. Infuriated, the bishop of London confiscated and destroyed as many copies of Tyndale's New Testament as he could. Meanwhile, English authorities called for Tyndale's arrest. He went into hiding, revised his New Testament, and (after learning Hebrew) began translating the Old Testament, too. Tyndale was burned in 1563

109. Historical Translations English Translations A.D. 676 – Parts of the Bible translated into Anglo-Saxon by Caedmon, Bede, Alfred the Great A.D. 1382 – The Wyclif Bible, the first English Bible, translated from the Vulgate Bible PRINTING A.D 1525 – Tyndale’s Bible, Translated from the original A.D. 1535 – Coverdale Bible, translated from Dutch and Latin sources. A.D. 1560 – Geneva Bible, translation based on the Tyndale Bible. A.D. 1611 – Ordered by King James A.D. 1881 – Anglo-American Revision, follows the King James version.

110. KJV translation 1607 King James commissioned a group to translate the Bible. 1607 King James commissioned a group to translate the Bible. Enlisted the best men to work with only the Hebrew and the Greek text Enlisted the best men to work with only the Hebrew and the Greek text Men were divided into 6 groups to do the translating Men were divided into 6 groups to do the translating 3 groups worked on the Old Testament 3 groups worked on the Old Testament 2 groups worked on the New Testament 2 groups worked on the New Testament 1 group worked on the Apocrypha (later dropped) 1 group worked on the Apocrypha (later dropped) When these 12 men finished, another group of men reviewed their work When these 12 men finished, another group of men reviewed their work This group added works to make the text flow better in English, these are the Italicized words in your Bible. This group added works to make the text flow better in English, these are the Italicized words in your Bible. The work of the first two groups took 2 years to complete. The work of the first two groups took 2 years to complete. The new translation was then submitted to another group for review. The new translation was then submitted to another group for review. The work was finished by this group in nine months. The work was finished by this group in nine months. The work employed over 54 translators The work employed over 54 translators The Authorized Version then published in 1611. The Authorized Version then published in 1611. Authorized by King James, not written by him. Authorized by King James, not written by him. This work was a literal translation, word for word. This work was a literal translation, word for word. More then 5,000 manuscripts were reviewed to complete this work. More then 5,000 manuscripts were reviewed to complete this work.

114. Modern Translations Amplified New Testament Amplified New Testament Amplified Old Testament Amplified Old Testament Twentieth Century New Testament Twentieth Century New Testament Weymouth’s New Testament Weymouth’s New Testament Fenton’s Bible Fenton’s Bible Moffat’s Translation Moffat’s Translation Montgomery Centenary Montgomery Centenary New Testament in Basic English New Testament in Basic English Berkeley Version Berkeley Version Norlie’s New Testament Norlie’s New Testament New English Bible New English Bible Amplified Bible Amplified Bible Living Bible Living Bible New Living Translation New Living Translation New International version New International version Good News Bible Good News Bible Revised Standard Version Revised Standard Version

115. NASU New American Standard Bible updated AMP Amplified Bible ESV English Standard Version KJV King James Version NRSV New Revised Standard Version HCSB Holman Christian Standard Bible NIV New International Version NLT New Living Translation NCV New Century Version GNT Good News Translation CEV Contemporary English Version TLB The Living Bible TM The Message

116. Word For Word Translations Interlinear Bible Interlinear Bible English Standard Version English Standard Version New American Standard Bible New American Standard Bible Amplified Bible Amplified Bible King James Version King James Version New King James Version New King James Version New American Bible New American Bible

117. Thought for Thought Translations New International Version New International Version New Living Translation New Living Translation New revised standard version New revised standard version Holman Christian Standard Bible Holman Christian Standard Bible The Message Bible The Message Bible Contemporary English Version Contemporary English Version Good News Translation Good News Translation Today’s New International Version Today’s New International Version

118. Malayalam Translations

119. The first printing press in Kerala has been established by Benjamin Bailey at Kottayam in 1821. Bailey published The Gospel according to Mathew at Kottayam in 1825. The New Testament was published in 1829 Psalms in 1839 and the entire Malayalam Bible in 1841. John Keats’s closest and most influential friend. C.M.S High School and the C.M.S College were founded by Benjamin Bailey in 1817 in Kottayam. Bailey was the first Principal of the CMS College

120. 52 AD SYRIAN BIBLE Read during service was the only way of hearing the word. Few understood Syriac Sermons helped 1450 1821 Printing Press Gutenberg Bailey established Printing Press in Kottayam The History of MALAYALAM BIBLE

121. 1821 CMS Press 1825 Mathew New Testament 1829 Psalms 18391841 Whole Bible The History of MALAYALAM BIBLE 1983 New India Bible Version Vishudha Sathyaveda pusthakam Revised Modern Malayalam Version 19972000 These are based on King James Version

122. Peshitta omits 2 Peter 2-3 John Jude Revelation They were later added in later translations There was an earlier translation into Old Syriac Evangelion Dampharshe meaning 'Gospel of the Separated' Diatessaron, 'Gospel of the Mixed'. To this day, readings from these books are not read in Syriac Churches. The word Peshitto in Syriac means 'simple' or 'clear'

123. 1811 Gospel of Luke Published in Bombay By Timapay Pillai & Fr.Phillipose Following the talks between Buchanan and Mar Dionysius Translated into Malayalam from Syriac Peshitta 1908 Gospel of Mathew By Konnattu Matthan Malpan British Bible Society 1928-1940 Manikathanaar’s Translations of New Testament And eccl. Pro. & Tobit St.Joseph Press, Mannanam 1987 New Testament By Fr. Thomas Kayyalaparampil St.Thomas Seminary Vadavatur, Kottayam 1997 Entire Bible Fr. Mathew Uppanni Based on Mosul Peshitta but different order of books The Bible in the Syriac Tradition By Sebastian P. Brock

124. So, what do you think ?