1. CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Office Systems and Technology Chapter 11: Ergonomics

2. 2 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Psychological Basis Rationale for technology Functionality for users Personnel development Challenge Morale booster Employee attitude toward environment Employee reaction to change Motivation

3. 3 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Physiological Basis Physical structures in the office should be geared to the physical needs of the workers Environmental factors include furniture, lighting, atmospheric conditions, sound, and work area design Physiology of the worker includes their body structure and physical movement demanded of workers as they do their job

4. 4 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Sociological Basis Establishment of workplace clusters to function cooperatively and effectively Emphasis on teamwork Worker specialization Individual needs for territoriality Qualified applicants for entry-level positions Career development to work toward advancements or promotion

5. 5 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Communication Theory as a Basis The physical structure of the office will either facilitate or hinder communication The types of communication to consider include written, oral, non-verbal, face-to-face, and electronic Use of computer-based information systems is essential in today’s workplace

6. 6 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Other Ergonomic Concerns Analyze office tasks to find ways to relate the task to the technology so the worker is comfortable Analyze clusters of related tasks to determine the best layout of space Use work logs to see actual time spent on tasks Analyzing the workflow or the path a document takes through the office is helpful

7. 7 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Employee Health Concerns and Complaints Repetitive-strain injury results from tasks that require continuous repetitive motion Visual dysfunction may be caused from time at display monitors or due to a design issue Musculoskeletal problems like carpal tunnel syndrome or tendinitis can be relieved with special equipment Emotional disturbance may affect performance Psychosocial disturbances can be minimized through training

8. 8 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Environmental and Workspace Design Environmental design considerations include screen glare, possible emissions from the monitor, temperatures, and humidity Workspace design issues include the “three measurements” (knee, elbow, and eye) and the adjustments set on equipment (chair, keyboard, and monitor) Research continues to show that comfort leads to productivity

9. 9 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Environmental Factors Lighting considerations include the quantity of light, brightness, contrast light reflectance, absence of glare, and uniformity The effect of color on performance has been studied, people react to different colors Sound is controlled with absorption, reflection, and isolation The atmosphere of the office (temperature, pollution, humidity) affects productivity Versatility of office space enables comfort

10. 10 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 More Environmental Factors Control of static electricity is a safety issue Adequate power should be available (back- up systems) and safe Security technologies are available, passwords still most common Energy conservation programs are in place in many offices Employee response to the environment affects comfort and productivity

11. 11 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Ergonomic Standards German Institute for Standardization and the Trade Cooperative Association has developed 30 standards Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) cover many industries International Standards specify that well- designed tasks should safeguard the worker’s health and safety, promote well- being, and facilitate performance

12. 12 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Ergonomic Workspaces Private work tasks require one to think, read, analyze, or evaluate in a quiet atmosphere Public work tasks necessitate a social setting Electronic work tasks use electronic office systems

13. 13 CPS ® and CAP ® Examination Review OFFICE SYTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition By Schroeder and Graf ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Ergonomic Office Equipment Select user-friendly hardware and software, most use a GUI today Most IMPORTANT... THE HUMAN ELEMENT How the individual adapts to the physical environment