1. Earthquakes

2. What you will learn Explain the terms focus, tremor, epicentre
Know how earthquakes are measured
Briefly describe the different types of earthquake waves
Describe the effects of earthquakes using case studies
Describe how to predict and prevent earthquake damage.
Know how this topic appears on the exam paper.

3. Earthquake Keywords
Focus
Epicentre
Tremors
Aftershocks
Fault

4. Activity
Work in pairs to remember what these keywords mean.

6. Class Activity
Using your textbook and working in pairs define the keywords into your copy.

7. Did you know…..?
California has suffered from extreme earthquakes in the past….
This is because California is located where the Pacific and the American plate slides past each other
The boundary between the two plates is called the San Andreas Fault

9. Clip of San Andreas Fault

10. How do earthquakes occur?
From junior cert you should know that earthquakes occur when two plates slide past each other. (Conservative plate boundary)
In Leaving Cert geography you learn that earthquakes can occur for many reasons
Activity: Work in pairs and using information from page 30 of your book summarise the main ways in which earthquakes occur.

11. Where do Earthquakes occur?

12. The most active place for earthquakes is the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Earthquakes occur at all types of plate boundaries.
Shallow Earthquakes : continental- continental plate collision and conservative boundaries. Associated with mid ocean ridges. (70km below the surface)
Intermediate earthquakes : oceanic -continental plate collision ( km)
Deep earthquakes : oceanic -oceanic plate collision (greater than 300km)

14. Earthquake Waves (tremors)
There are 3 types of waves
P Wave or compressional waves – shake the ground back and forth in the same direction as the wave. Very fast so little damage
S Wave or Shear wave – shakes the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction of the wave. Travel more slowly after the P wave can cause damage
Surface Waves – travel slowly and move the surface of the earth up and down and sideways. Can cause serious damage. Can be called Love and Rayleigh waves.

16. P Waves

17. S waves

18. Surface waves

19. Recording and Measuring Earthquakes Key Words
Seismographs
Richter Scale
Modified Mercalli Scale

20. Activity
Read the handouts given on recording and measuring earthquakes
Summarise in your own words the differences between the Richter and modified Mercalli scale.

21. The Effects of Earthquakes
Can you think of some of the immediate and long term effects of an earthquake

22. Immediate Effects Death and destruction Tsunamis
Gas explosions, fires, loss of fresh water
Homelessness
Liquefaction: Deep loose soils or reclaimed land. The ground turns to liquid due to intense shaking of the ground. This causes buildings to sink into the ground e.g. Mexico City, LA

23. Long Term Effects Migration
Disease – water and sewerage pipes burst and take time to repair
Economic slowdown: shops close, industry is destroyed and government spending is diverted from other projects.

24. Tsunami
Another effect is a tsunami e.g. The South East Asian Earthquake and Tsunami 2004
An earthquake occurs under the sea, the movement of the sea floor causes ripples on the sea surface. The ripples travel very fast.
One of the first warning signs of a tsunami can be a rapid withdrawal of water from the beach.

25. Activity Read the case study of the 2004 earthquake and tsunami.
Summarise what happened and the effects in your own words into your copy books.

26. Tsunami Warning Systems
Tsunami watch
A weather radio system
US Coast Guard broadcasts urgent messages
Local Authorities implement an evacuation plan.

27. Haiti Earthquake January 2010
Population of 10million, live on €1.50 a day.
Located on the conservative plate boundary between the Caribbean plate and the North American plate.
12th January 7.0 earthquake on the Richter scale killed 230,000 people.

28. Cause
The quake occurred where the Caribbean plate moves east away from the North American Plate by 20mm per year.
Shallow quake. The focus was just 13km deep. The epicentre was about 25km from the capital city Port-au-Prince.

29. Immediate Effects 222,570 killed. 300,000 injured.
Over 1.3million people were left homeless
Widespread devastation and damage. 90% of the buildings in the capital city were destroyed or heavily damaged including a prison with 4,000 inmates who escaped.
Damaged the harbour which made it unusable for immediate rescue and aid operations.
Telecommunications (phone and tv) were damaged.
Lack of hospitals, morgues and medical supplies held up rescue attempts.
Aftershocks stopped people from being rescued.
Emergency medical aid from around the world was sent.

30. Long Term Effects
Brazil offered €140 million donation for long term aid. The world’s bank cleared the country’s debt repayments for five years.
Haiti’s government estimated the damage at €7 billion.
A severe outbreak of cholera in the months following the earthquake led to deaths.

31. Predicting Earthquakes
Studying seismograph activity to see which areas might be next.
Measuring crustal stress levels
Measuring ground tilting with lasers.
Measuring radon gas emissions from wells and rocks which often increase when rocks are under pressure.
Observing unusual animal behaviour (not the most helpful)

32. Earthquake Proof Buildings
Secure all items to the wall.
A bar across the front of cupboards to stop jars and tins from falling out.
Secure or fix all furniture to the walls or floors
Shatterproof windows
Building foundations should have ‘seismic isolators’ which absorbs the force of the quake and reduce the movement of the building.
Extra supports are attached to the corners on each floor to support the building as it shakes.

33. Activities
Explain the terms focus, epicentre, aftershock, tremor, earthquake.
What is a tsunami? Why are they so devestating?
Describe four of the methods used in earthquake prediction.
Describe the causes and effects of the Asian tsunami
Examine the methods used to reduce the destructive effects of earthquakes.