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Ecosystems and Food Webs What are the components in an ecosystem?
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10 MINUTES I will come around to answer AND ask questions
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Ecology and Life Ecology and Life Ecology examines how organisms interact with their nonliving (abiotic) environment such as sunlight, temperature, moisture, and vital nutrients Ecology- study of relationships between organisms and their environment
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Ecosphere or Biosphere – All earth's ecosystems Ecosystem – Community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy Community – Complex interacting network of plants, animals, and microorganisms Habitat – Place where a population or individual organism naturally lives Genetic Diversity – Populations that are dynamic groups that change in size, age distribution, density, and genetic composition as a result of changes in environmental conditions Population – Group of interacting individuals of the same species that occupy a specific area at the same time
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Type of Nutrients Nutrient Any atom, ion, or molecule an organism needs to live grow or reproduce Ex: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen… etc Macronutrient nutrient that organisms need in large amount Ex: phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, iron … etc Micronutrient nutrient that organism need in small amount Ex: zinc, sodium, copper… etc
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www.sws.uiuc.edu/nitro/biggraph.asp
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Sun Fireball of hydrogen (72%) and helium (28%) Nuclear fusion Sun has existed for 5 billion years Sun will stay for another 5-6 billion years Visible light that reaches troposphere is the ultraviolet ray which is not absorbed in ozone
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Solar Energy 72% of solar energy warms the lands 0.023% of solar energy is captured by green plants and bacteria Powers the cycling of matter and weather system Distributes heat and fresh water
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www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/ climch/clichgr1.htm
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Living Organisms in Ecosystem Producers or autotrophs- makes their own food from compound obtained from environment. Ex: plant gets energy or food from sun
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Photosynthesis Producer transmit 1- 5% of absorbed energy into chemical energy, which is stored in complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid in plant tissue
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Chemosynthesis- Bacteria can convert simple compounds from their environment into more complex nutrient compound without sunlight Ex: becomes consumed by tubeworms, clams, crabs Bacteria can survive in great amount of heat
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Consumers or Heterotrophs Obtain energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains
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Consumers Herbivores (plant-eaters) or primary consumers Feed directly on producers Deer, goats, rabbits http://www.holidays.net/easter/bunny1.htm
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Consumers Carnivores (meat eater) or secondary consumers Feed only on primary consumer Lion, Tiger
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Consumers Tertiary (higher- level) consumer Feed only on other carnivores Wolf
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Consumers Omnivores- consumers that eat both plants and animals Ex: pigs, humans, bears
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Consumers Scavengers- feed on dead organisms Vultures, flies, crows, shark
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Consumers Detritivores- live off detritus Detritus parts of dead organisms and wastes of living organisms. Detritus feeders- extract nutrients from partly decomposed organic matter plant debris, and animal dung.
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Consumers Decomposers - Fungi and bacteria break down and recycle organic materials from organisms’ wastes and from dead organisms Food sources for worms and insects Biodegradable - can be broken down by decomposers
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Range of Tolerance The range of conditions that must be maintained for a population of a species to survive Differences in genetic makeup, health, and age. Ex: trout has to live in colder water than bass
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Limiting Factor too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit growth of population, even if all the other factors are at optimum (favorable) range of tolerance. Ex: water, light, and soil No water in the desert limit growth of plants Ex: Farmer plants corn in phosphorus-poor soil, even if water, nitrogen are in a optimum levels, corn will stop growing, after it uses up available phosphorus.
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Dissolved Oxygen Content Amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given volume of water at a particular temperature and pressure. Limiting factor of aquatic ecosystem
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What is the difference between limiting factor and range of tolerance Limiting factors are biotic or abiotic factors that limit the growth of a species, while the range of tolerance defines the set of conditions in which an organism can survive. -
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Homework Learn about a specific ecosystem situation…. Be prepared to share out tomorrow!
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Respiration Aerobic Respiration Uses oxygen to convert organic nutrients back into carbon dioxide and water Glucose + oxygen Carbon dioxide + water + energy Anaerobic Respiration or Fermentation Breakdown of glucose in absence of oxygen
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