1. 暑假班國小加註英語專長六學分班 Schedule for the first two weeks: Speaking Domain
D1 08/05    Introduction to ESL/EFL Speaking
D2 08/06    Speaking for Beginning Level Learners
D3 08/07    English Pronunciation I: Vowels + Consonants
D4 08/12  English Pronunciation II: Vowels + Consonants
D5 08/13   Appropriation Activities
D6 08/14    The Board Game Project Due

2. Introduction to ESL/EFL Speaking
楊明倫
南台科技大學

3. What is Speaking?
Language Input (Listening + Reading) vs. Language Output (Speaking +Writing)
Speaking (utterances) is the most difficult of the four language skills. Why?
Consists of producing systematic verbal utterances to convey meaning.
Is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information.
Is often spontaneous, open-ended, and evolving.
BUT is not completely unpredictable.

4. Units of Language

5. Linguistic Competence
Ters help Lers develop Linguistic competences.
Communicative competence (mid 1970s)
Interact w/ others, make meaning
Sociolinguistic competence ( )
Use language appropriately in contexts (ex. register, word choice, politeness strategies)
Strategic competence
Use strategies to compensate for gaps in skills and knowledge
Discourse competence (2000-): how sentence elements are tied together
Cohesion (文句中reference一致性), coherence (上下文語意的一致性)

6. Abstracts for Cohesion+Coherence
A: Hey, Brian, how’s it going?
B: Wow! I just had a test and it was really hard!
A: Oh, What was the test about?
B: Statistics! All those formulas are so confusing!
A: Yeah, I don’t like that stuff either.
Coherence
A: Going to the review session?
B: Basketball practice.

7. Teaching Speaking The Grammar-Translation Method The Direct Method
The Audiolingual Method/Audiolingualism
The Silent Way
Suggestopaedia
Community Language Learning
The Communicative Approach/Communicative Language Teaching
Total Physical Response

8. Assessing Speaking Validity Reliability Practicality
test what we intended to measure
Reliability
consistency between different raters
Practicality
Resources we have, ex. time, money, personnel
Washback/Instructional Impact
Positive or negative?

9. Types of Assessment for Speaking
Direct Tests
Oral interviews, conversations, unscripted role-plays
Indirect Tests
Phoneme discrimination tests
Conversational cloze tests
Semi-Direct Tests
Recording tests (speaking sessions in GEPT)

10. How to Evaluate Speaking
Objective Scoring
Scored by people or computer?
Only one correct answer?
Holistic Ratings
Rating scale?
Pass or No-Pass/CT or Non CT
Analytic Ratings
On sub-skills: vocabulary, grammar pronunciation, fluency…