1. COMMON TOXIC POLLUTANTS

2. I. BIOCIDES A. SOURCES  Pesticides  Insecticides  Herbicides B. EFFECTS  Carcinogenic … meaning??  Nerve damage  Liver damage

3. I. BIOCIDES C. EXAMPLES  Dioxins …ingredient in insecticides Used by paper mills in bleaching process Used by paper mills in bleaching process Used in PVC plastics Used in PVC plastics An ingredient in agent orange An ingredient in agent orange  Agent Orange … herbicide Widely used in Vietnam as a defoliantWidely used in Vietnam as a defoliant Caused cancer, birth defects, sterilityCaused cancer, birth defects, sterility

4. I. BIOCIDES C. EXAMPLES  24D … common herbicide Causes lymphoma (cancer) in dogs Causes lymphoma (cancer) in dogs  DDT … insecticide Caused egg shell thinningCaused egg shell thinning Blamed for the near extinction of eagles, falcons and pelicansBlamed for the near extinction of eagles, falcons and pelicans

5. DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane) Insecticide used very effectively against mosquitoes, which cause malaria Insecticide used very effectively against mosquitoes, which cause malaria Builds up in plants and fatty tissue in fish, birds and other animals Builds up in plants and fatty tissue in fish, birds and other animals Banned in the US in 1972 Banned in the US in 1972 – Still used in other countries

6. BIOMAGNIFICATION A chemical becomes concentrated as it passes through a food chain A chemical becomes concentrated as it passes through a food chain

7. DDT The concentration effect occurs because DDT is metabolized and excreted much more slowly than the nutrients that are passed from one trophic level to the next. So DDT accumulates in the body (especially in fat). The concentration effect occurs because DDT is metabolized and excreted much more slowly than the nutrients that are passed from one trophic level to the next. So DDT accumulates in the body (especially in fat).

8. DDT This is why the hazard of DDT to nontarget animals is particularly acute for those species living at the top of food chains. This is why the hazard of DDT to nontarget animals is particularly acute for those species living at the top of food chains.

9. DDT: A Threat to America’s Bald Eagles

10. II. FOSSIL FUELS (coal, oil & gas) A. SOURCES  NO 2 + H 2 O  HNO 3 (process occurs when burning gas)  SO 2 + H 2 O  H 2 SO 4 (process occurs when burning coal)

11. II. FOSSIL FUELS (coal, oil & gas) B. EFFECTS  Respiratory problems  Sterile lakes  Kills forests  Damage to monuments, cars, buildings  Global warming  Acid rain

12. II. FOSSIL FUELS (coal, oil & gas) C. SOLUTIONS  Burn higher grade fuels  Scrubbers  Others??

13. III. Hg ( mercury) A. SOURCES  Paper mills to treat logs  Agriculture to treat seeds  Occurs naturally in mines  Acid rain releases it naturally from sedimentary rock  Latex paint

14. III. Hg ( mercury) B. EFFECTS  Mercury exposure at high levels can harm the brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, and immune system of people of all ages.  high levels of mercury in the bloodstream of unborn babies and young children may harm the developing nervous system, making the child less able to think and learn

15. III. Hg ( mercury) C. Our inland fish are unsafe to eat due to high levels of Hg  Hg cannot be eliminated from the body in any way  Found in muscle tissue

16. IV. Pb (lead) A. SOURCES  Water pipes  Gasoline  Paints  Batteries  Ceramic pottery  Soldering

17. IV. Pb ( lead) B. EFFECTS  Hyperactivity  Paralysis  Brain damage  Birth defects  High BP

18. IV. Pb ( lead) 4% of preschool children have below normal IQ 4% of preschool children have below normal IQ 20% of Americans drink too much H 2 O containing Pb 20% of Americans drink too much H 2 O containing Pb 2 million waterfowl each year die of lead poisoning 2 million waterfowl each year die of lead poisoning

19. V. PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) A. SOURCES  Insulators for electrical transformers  Sealants for wood and cement  Hydraulic fluids  Paper mills for carbon paper  pigments, dyes  as plasticizers in paints, plastics and rubber products

20. V. PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) B. EFFECTS  Carcinogen  including effects on the immune system, reproductive system, endocrine system and nervous system

21. V. PCB:Contaminating the Hudson River

22. V. PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a family of 209 chemical compounds for which there are no known natural sources. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a family of 209 chemical compounds for which there are no known natural sources. Even though PCBs are no longer commercially produced in the United States, high levels of the chemicals remain in various parts of the country, in poultry, and in fish. Even though PCBs are no longer commercially produced in the United States, high levels of the chemicals remain in various parts of the country, in poultry, and in fish.

23. V. PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) The very characteristic of the PCBs that made them wonderful for use in manufacturing makes them problematic in the environment. PCBs are very persistent: they are generally unalterable by microorganisms or by chemical reaction, so they do not readily degrade. The very characteristic of the PCBs that made them wonderful for use in manufacturing makes them problematic in the environment. PCBs are very persistent: they are generally unalterable by microorganisms or by chemical reaction, so they do not readily degrade. The stable nature of PCBs also lends to accumulation in the fatty tissues of animals once the PCBs are released into the environment. These accumulations increase as the tissue from contaminated animals moves through the food web. Because of _________, the concentration of PCBs found in fish tissues is expected to be considerably higher that the average concentration of PCBs in the water from which the fish were taken. The stable nature of PCBs also lends to accumulation in the fatty tissues of animals once the PCBs are released into the environment. These accumulations increase as the tissue from contaminated animals moves through the food web. Because of _________, the concentration of PCBs found in fish tissues is expected to be considerably higher that the average concentration of PCBs in the water from which the fish were taken.

24. VI. CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) A. SOURCES  aerosol-spray propellants  refrigerants  Solvents  Styrofoam (pre, CFC-free styrofoam)  foam-blowing agents They are well-suited for these applications because they are nontoxic and nonflammable and can be readily converted from a liquid to a gas and vice versa.

25. VI. CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) B. EFFECTS  Destruction of the ozone layer which protects us from ??? UV rays from the sun How does this happen?

26. VI. CFC (chlorofluorocarbon)

27. VII. PBB (Polybrominated Biphenyls) A. SOURCES  PBBs are manufactured chemicals  They are added to the plastics used to make products like computer monitors, televisions, textiles, plastic foams, etc. to make them difficult to burn. PBBs can leave these plastics and find their way into the environment. B. EFFECTS  Carcinogen  More will be observed in the movie Bitter Harvest Bitter Harvest

28. VII. PBB (Polybrominated Biphenyls) Exposure to PBBs is most likely to occur by ingesting contaminated foods and drinks. Exposure to PBBs is most likely to occur by ingesting contaminated foods and drinks. People living in the lower peninsula of Michigan, where animal feed was accidentally contaminated with PBBs in 1973, may still be exposed by eating contaminated fish, dairy products, and meat. People living in the lower peninsula of Michigan, where animal feed was accidentally contaminated with PBBs in 1973, may still be exposed by eating contaminated fish, dairy products, and meat. If you don't live in Michigan, exposure to PBBs is likely to be very low. If you don't live in Michigan, exposure to PBBs is likely to be very low. You can be exposed to PBBs in the air if you live near a waste site that contains PBBs. You can be exposed to PBBs in the air if you live near a waste site that contains PBBs.

29. C. The movie Bitter Harvest …  PBB contamination resulted in the most devastating disaster in agricultural history  In 1973 in St. Louis, MI  The government did not eliminate PBB from the food chain until 1977  Farmers sold cows to an area baby food company  Firemaster (flamestar) vs. Nutrimaster (MgO)  All livestock had to be killed 30,000 cattle1,470 sheep 5,900 pigs1.5 million chickens 5,900 pigs1.5 million chickens

30. VIII. NO 3 and PO 4 (nitrates & phosphates) A. SOURCES  Soil … background concentrations  Fertilizers … agricultural & residential  Sewage … wastewater treatment plants remove 90-95% of P & N in solids, and the sludge is then land applied as fertilizer

31. VIII. NO 3 and PO 4 (nitrates & phosphates) B. EFFECTS  Eutrophication  Algae blooms  Decreasing light and O 2 levels C. Currently in the news …  Allegan, Ottawa, and Muskegon Counties all have baned the use of fertilizers containing phosphorus