1. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Chapter 8 Minerals Excellence is not a skill. It is an attitude. Ralph Marston

2. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.2 The Nature of Body Minerals Classes of body minerals –Major minerals (>100 mg/day) –Trace elements (<100 mg/day) Mineral metabolism –Digestion –Absorption –Transport

3. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.3 Key Concepts A mixed diet of varied, colorful foods with adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health. Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is available to the body.

4. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.4 Major Minerals Calcium - Ca Phosphorus - P Sodium - Na Potassium - K Chloride - Cl Magnesium - Mg Sulfur - Su

5. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.5 Calcium Functions –Bone and tooth formation –Blood clotting –Muscle contraction and nerve action –Metabolic reactions – helps with: Absorption of B12 Activation of pancreatic lipase Secretion of insulin Cell membrane permeability

6. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.6 Calcium, cont’d –Requirements 1000 mg/day –Deficiency states Osteoporosis –Food sources Milk is the major food source Green vegetables (broccoli, spinach, kale), fish with bones like sardines, fortified food

7. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.7 Osteoporosis

8. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.8 Phosphorus Functions –Bone and tooth formation –Energy metabolism – helps with: Oxidation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein Energy and protein metabolism Cell function and genetic inheritance –Component of enzymes, thiamin, DNA/RNA –Acid-base balance

9. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.9 Phosphorus, cont’d Food sources –All living tissue especially meats –Milk, milk products, fish, eggs –Plant seeds

10. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.10 Sodium Functions –Water balance –Muscle action –Nutrient absorption Deficiency states –Rare unless excessive sweating or water intake

11. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.11 Sodium, cont’d Requirements average no more than 2 gm per day Toxicity symptoms –Salt sensitivity and hypertension Food sources –Table salt, cured meat, canned soups, processed food –Vegetables –carrots, leafy greens and celery

12. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.12 Potassium Functions –Water balance –Metabolic reactions – helps with: Conversion of blood glucose to glycogen Storage of nitrogen in muscle protein Production of energy –Muscle action/ cardiac contraction –Insulin release –Blood pressure

13. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.13 Potassium, cont’d Deficiency- American diet is low; eat your vegetables!! Low = muscle weakness and cardiac irregularity Toxicity with renal disease; excessive intake Food sources –Oranges, bananas, tomato, leafy green vegetables, whole grains, fresh meats, milk products

14. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.14 Chloride Source: Table salt Functions –Water balance –Acid base balance –Digestion Key element in hydrochloric acid secretion –Respiration Plays a role in transport of CO2 in the blood

15. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.15 Magnesium Functions –General metabolism Necessary catalyst for ~300+ reactions in cells –Protein synthesis –Muscle action: cardiac contractility & premature labor –Basal metabolic rate Influences secretion of thyroxine

16. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.16 Magnesium, cont’d Toxicity with renal disease Food sources –Nuts, soybeans, cocoa, seafood, dried beans and peas, green vegetables, whole grains

17. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.17 Sulfur Food sources –Meat, nuts, soy, fish, cheese, eggs Functions –Hair, skin, and nails –General metabolic functions High-energy bond Transfer energy –Vitamin structure –Collagen structure

18. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.18 Key Concepts A mixed diet of varied foods and adequate energy value is the best source of the minerals necessary for health. Of the total amount of minerals a person consumes, only a relatively limited amount is bioavailable to the body.

19. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.19 Manganese Chromium Molybdenum Cobalt Boron Vanadium Nickel Trace Elements Iron Iodine Zinc Selenium Fluoride Copper

20. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.20 Iron –Functions Hemoglobin synthesis –Deficiency states Anemia –Toxicity symptoms Hemochromatosis –Food sources Heme (rapid) – 40 % animal foods Nonheme (slow)– 60% animal and all plants

21. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.21 Iodine Functions –Participation in thyroid gland’s synthesis of thyroxine Deficiency states –Goiter – usually a lack of iodine causes this –Cretinism – hypothyroid of childhood –Hypothyroidism –Hyperthyroidism Food sources –Iodized table salt, seafood; depends on soil content

22. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.22 Goiter

23. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.23 Zinc Functions –Enzyme constituent –Immune system –Protects RBC from damage Deficiency states –Poor wound healing –Impaired taste and smell –Iron inhibits absorption Food sources –Meat, seafood, legumes, whole grains

24. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.24 Selenium Functions –Part of antioxidants Deficiency affects immune system Toxicity symptoms – brittle hair and nails Food sources –Seafood, kidney, liver; depends on soil content where plants are grown

25. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.25 Other Trace Elements Fluoride –Functions by preventing dental caries –Exceeding UL may cause fluorosis Copper : “Iron twin” (works the same way) Manganese –Inhalation toxicity

26. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.26 Other Trace Elements, cont’d Chromium –Glucose tolerance factor Molybdenum –Inadequate dietary intake improbable Other essential trace elements –Aluminum, arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, tin, vanadium

27. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.27 Mineral Supplementation Life cycle needs –Pregnancy and lactation –Adolescence –Adulthood Clinical needs –Iron-deficiency - anemia –Zinc deficiency – immune system weakens

28. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.28 Summary Minerals are single, inorganic elements that are classified according to their relative amounts in the body. Major minerals make up 60% to 80% of all inorganic material in the body. Trace elements make up less than 1% of the body’s inorganic material.

29. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.29 Key Concepts of Water Balance Water compartments inside and outside cells maintain a balanced distribution of total body water via osmosis and diffusion. The concentration of various solute particles in water determines internal shifts and movement of water.

30. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.30 Homeostasis Body’s state of dynamic balance Capacity of the body to maintain life systems despite what enters the system from outside Homeostatic mechanisms protect the body’s water supply

31. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.31 Body Water Functions Solvent –Water is the basic liquid solvent for all chemical processes within the body Transport –Nutrients carried through the body in water- based fluids (e.g., blood, secretions) Thermoregulation –Maintains stable body temperature Body lubricant – serous and synovial fluids

32. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.32 Body Water Requirements Surrounding environment –Body water evaporates as sweat and must be replaced Activity level –More water is needed for increased metabolic demand during physical activity Functional losses –Disease process affects water requirements

33. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.33 Fluid Compartments

34. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.34 Other Dietary Factors Dehydration –>2% total body weight loss –Special concern in the elderly Water intoxication –Those at risk: Infants Psychiatric patients Patients on psychotropic drugs Endurance athletes

35. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.35 Percentage of Body Weight Loss

36. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.36 Body Water Amount and Distribution Extracellular fluid –Total body water outside cells –One quarter of extracellular fluid is blood plasma –Three quarters is water surrounding cells and bathing tissues, water in dense tissue, and water moving through the body as secretions –Interstitial fluid Fluid surrounding cells in tissues

37. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.37 Body Water Amount and Distribution, cont’d Intracellular fluid –Total body water inside the cells –Twice the volume of that outside the cells Overall water balance –Average adult metabolizes 2.5 to 3 L of water/day –100 ounces per day

38. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.38 Distribution of Total Body Water

39. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.39 Electrolytes Small, inorganic elements that break apart in a solution and carry an electrical charge (ions) Balance between cation and anion concentration maintains chemical neutrality necessary for life

40. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.40 Plasma Proteins Mainly albumin and globulin Organic compounds of large molecular size Retained in blood vessels, does not diffuse out Controls water movement Colloids guard blood volume (colloidal osmotic pressure)

41. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.41 Separating Membranes Capillary membrane –Thin and porous –Water molecules move freely across them Cell membrane –Thicker membranes –Constructed to protect and nourish cell contents –Uses channels for ions and fats merge freely

42. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.42 Moving Water and Solutes Across Membranes Filtration –Water is forced through membrane pores when pressure outside the membrane is different Active transport –Necessary to carry particles “upstream” across separating membranes Pinocytosis –Larger molecules attach to thicker cell membrane, then are engulfed by cell

43. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.43 Capillary Fluid Shift Mechanism Cells’ water and nutrients must move from capillaries to cells. Water and cell metabolites must return to capillaries. Uses opposing fluid pressures: –Hydrostatic pressure –Colloidal osmotic pressure

44. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.44 Organ Systems Involved in Body Water Balance Gastrointestinal circulation –Water from blood plasma is continually secreted into the gastrointestinal tract. –In the latter portion of the intestine, most water and electrolytes are reabsorbed into the blood. Renal circulation –Kidney filters the blood to maintain water balance and proper solution of blood Hormonal controls: –Antidiuretic hormone mechanism –Aldosterone mechanism

45. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.45 Acids and Bases Homeostatic balance of acidity or alkalinity must be maintained in body water solutions and secretions The concentration of hydrogen ions determines the acidity level Acidity expressed in terms of pH

46. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.46 Acid-Base Buffer System Handles an excess of acid or base Mixture of acid and base that protects a solution from wide variations in pH Main buffer system: carbonic acid/base bicarbonate (seen in the chloride shift during CO2 transport) Respiratory control –Carbon dioxide leaves the body Urinary control –Kidney monitors hydrogen ions

47. Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.47 Summary Overall water balance is maintained by fluid intake and output Two types of solute particles control the distribution of body water –Electrolytes –Plasma protein The acid-base buffer system uses electrolytes and hydrogen ions to maintain a normal extracellular fluid pH of approximately 7.4

48. Questions? Copyright © 2009, by Mosby, Inc. an affiliate of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.48