1. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Lectures by Chris C. Romero PowerPoint ® Lectures for Essential Biology, Third Edition – Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon Essential Biology with Physiology, Second Edition – Neil Campbell, Jane Reece, and Eric Simon CHAPTER 16 Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land

6. Biology and Society: Will the Blight End the Chestnut? The forests of the eastern United States –Were once dominated by the American chestnut tree. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

7. Around 1900, an Asian fungus –Was accidentally introduced from China into North America. In just 25 years –Blight caused by the fungus killed virtually all adult American chestnut trees.

8. Figure 16.1

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fortunately, this type of harmful interaction between plant and fungus is unusual. Many plants and fungi benefit from each other’s existence.

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Colonizing Land Plants –Are terrestrial organisms. –Are multicellular eukaryotes that make organic molecules by photosynthesis.

11. Terrestrial Adaptations of Plants Structural Adaptations Living on land poses different problems than living in water does. –Plants require structural specializations, such as roots and shoots. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

12. Figure 16.2

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Most plants have mycorrhizae, symbiotic fungi associated with their roots.

14. Figure 16.3

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Leaves –Are the main photosynthetic organs of most plants. –Have stomata for gas exchange. –Contain vascular tissue for transporting vital materials.

16. Figure 16.4

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Vascular tissue is also found in the roots and shoots of plants.

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Reproductive Adaptations Plants produce their gametes in protective structures called gametangia.

19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings In plants, but not algae, the zygote develops into an embryo while still contained within the female parent.

20. Figure 16.5

21. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Origin of Plants from Green Algae The move onto land and the spread of plants to diverse terrestrial environments were incremental.

22. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Molecular comparisons and other evidence place a group of green algae called charophyceans closest to plants.

23. Figure 16.6

24. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Plant Diversity The history of the plant kingdom is a story of adaptation to diverse terrestrial habitats.

25. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Highlights of Plant Evolution The fossil record chronicles four major periods of plant evolution.

26. Figure 16.7

27. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The first period –Was the origin of plants from their aquatic ancestors, charophyceans. The second period –Was the diversification of vascular plants.

28. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The third period –Began with the origin of the seed. The fourth period –Was the emergence of flowering plants, or angiosperms.

29. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Bryophytes Mosses –Are the most familiar bryophytes.

30. Figure 16.8

31. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Mosses display two key terrestrial adaptations: –A waxy cuticle that helps prevent dehydration –The retention of developing embryos within the mother plant’s gametangium

32. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Mosses have two distinct forms: –The gametophyte, which produces gametes –The sporophyte, which produces spores Moss Life Cycle

33. Figure 16.9

34. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The life cycle of a moss exhibits an alternation of generations.

35. Figure 16.10

36. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Ferns –Are seedless vascular plants. Fern Life Cycle

37. Figure 16.11

38. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings During the Carboniferous period, from about 360 to 300 million years ago, ferns were part of a great diversity of seedless plants that formed swampy forests over much of what is now Eurasia and North America. –These forests formed what would become fossil fuels.

39. Figure 16.12

40. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Gymnosperms A drier, colder climate at the end of the Carboniferous period favored the evolution of gymnosperms, the first seed plants. The descendants of early gymnosperms –Include the conifers, cone-bearing plants.

41. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Conifers –Cover much of northern Eurasia and North America. –Are usually evergreens, which retain their leaves throughout the year.

42. Figure 16.13

43. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Terrestrial Adaptations of Seed Plants Conifers and most other gymnosperms have three terrestrial adaptations: –Further reduction of the gametophyte –The evolution of pollen –The advent of the seed

44. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The first adaptation is a greater development of the diploid sporophyte compared to the haploid gametophyte generation.

45. Figure 16.14

46. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings A pine tree or other conifer is actually a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes living in cones. Pine Life Cycle

47. Figure 16.15

48. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings A second adaptation of seed plants to dry land was the evolution of pollen. A pollen grain –Is actually the much-reduced male gametophyte. –Fertilizes the female gametophyte.

49. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The third terrestrial adaptation was the development of the seed. A seed consists of a plant embryo packaged along with a food supply within a protective coat.

50. Figure 16.16

51. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Angiosperms –Supply nearly all of our food and much of our fiber for textiles. More efficient water transport and the evolution of the flower help account for the success of the angiosperms.

52. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Flowers, Fruits, and the Angiosperm Life Cycle The dominant stage of the angiosperms is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers. Flower Blooming Time Lapse Bee Pollinating Bat Pollinating Agave Plant

53. Figure 16.17

54. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The life cycle of an angiosperm Flowering Plant Life Cycle (time lapse) Fruit Development Seed Development Plant Fertilization

55. Figure 16.18

56. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The seed being enclosed within an ovary distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms.

57. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings A fruit –Is a ripened ovary. –Helps protect the seed and increase seed dispersal. –Is a major food source for animals.

58. Figure 16.19

59. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Angiosperms and Agriculture Angiosperms –Provide nearly all our food. –Supply fiber, medications, perfumes, and decoration. Agriculture –Is a unique kind of evolutionary relationship between plants and animals.

60. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Plant Diversity as a Nonrenewable Resource The exploding human population is extinguishing plant species at an unprecedented rate.

61. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Humans depend on plants for thousands of products including food, building materials, and medicines.

62. Table 16.1

63. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Preserving plant diversity is important to many ecosystems as well as humans.

64. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fungi Fungi are extremely important to ecosystems because they decompose and recycle organic materials.

65. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fungi –Are eukaryotes, and most are multicellular. –Are more closely related to animals than plants. Phlyctochytrium Zoospore Release Allomyces Zoospore Release

66. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings A gallery of diverse fungi

67. Figure 16.20

68. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Fungi In this section, the structure and function of fungi are described.

69. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fungal Nutrition Fungi are heterotrophs. –They digest their food externally and acquire the nutrients by absorption.

70. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fungal Structure The bodies of most fungi are constructed of structures called hyphae.

71. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The hyphae –Form an interwoven mat called a mycelium. –Are separated into cells by cross-walls made mainly of chitin. Fungal Reproduction and Nutrition

72. Figure 16.21

73. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fungal Reproduction Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that are produced either sexually or asexually.

74. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings The Ecological Impact of Fungi Fungi –Have an enormous ecological impact.

75. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fungi as Decomposers Fungi and bacteria –Are the principal decomposers of ecosystems. –Keep ecosystems stocked with the inorganic nutrients necessary for plant growth.

76. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Molds –Can destroy fruit, wood, and human-made materials.

77. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Parasitic Fungi Of the 100,000 known species of fungi, about 30% make their living as parasites.

78. Figure 16.22

79. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings About 50 species of fungi are known to be parasitic in humans and other animals.

80. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Commercial Uses of Fungi Fungi are commercially important –As food and in baking. –In beer and wine production.

81. Figure 16.23

82. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Some fungi produce antibiotics.

83. Figure 16.24

84. Evolution Connection: Mutualistic Symbiosis Symbiosis is the term used to describe –Ecological relationships between organisms of different species that are in direct contact. Mutualism –Is a type of symbiosis that benefits both species. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

85. Lichens –Are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae. –Are an example of mutualism.

86. Figure 16.25