1. Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic No cell wall Multicellular Heterotrophic
Most are capable of motion
About 30 phyla

2. Characteristics for animal classification
Symmetry-the arrangement of body parts around the main axis of the body
1. Bilateral-two almost identical halves
2.Radial symmetry around the axis
3. Asymmetrical-lack of symmetry
Digestive systems: sac or tube where food breaks down into small particles
1. Incomplete-one opening
2. Complete-two openings
3. Absent

3. Figure 23.3 Symmetry Is an Equivalence in Body Sections
Radial symmetry: Symmetry around a central point
Asymmetry: No planes of symmetry
Bilateral symmetry:

4. Characteristics for animal classification
Body Segmentation-multiple repeating units
Skeletal systems: provide support for the body
Exoskeleton - a hard skeleton on the outside of the body (calcium carbonate shells, chitin, silica)
Endoskeleton - a hard skeleton inside the body, usually composed of bone or cartilage

5. Characteristics for animal classification
Circulatory systems-distribute nutrients to all parts of the body and removes waste products. [Not found in Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, or Nematoda].
1.Closed-the blood is always inside of blood vessels (all vertebrates, some molluscs).
2.Open-the blood fills the body cavity (arthropods, some molluscs)

6. Classification system
domain
kingdom - a group of related phyla
phylum (plural = phyla) - a group of related classes. It is called a division in Botany.
class - a group of related orders
order - a group of related families
family - a group of related genera
genus (plural = genera) - a group of related species
species - a kind of living organism . All organisms who can potentially reproduce together under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring.

7. Figure 23.2 A Family Tree for Animals
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Mollusca
Nematoda
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
(sponges)
(flatworms)
(roundworms)
Protostomes
bilateral symmetry
Deuterostomes
tissues symmetry
ancestral protist

8. mouth
anus
invagination
blastopore
Protostomes
Early embryo
Deuterostomes
All animals pass through a blastula stage of development, the blastula being a hollow ball of cells. The blastula then invaginates to form a structure that develops into the animal’s gut. The opening to this invagination is called a blastopore. In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth. In deuterostomes, by contrast, the blastopore becomes the anus.

9. Table 23.1  Animal Phyla

10. Phylum Porifera ( pore-filled)
Example: Sponges
Asymmetry or radial symmetry
Endoskeleton
Filter feeders (body with pores)
They are attached (cannot move)
marine

11. Figure 23.6 Sponges: A Body Plan for a Simple Lifestyle
Inner cells with flagella create currents.
The currents cause water to
flow into pores and out at top.

12. Figure 23.7 Sponge Diversity

13. Phylum Cnidaria EX: coral, hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone
radial symmetry
incomplete digestive system (one opening)
no segmentation
no circulatory system
a circle of tentacles surrounds the mouth
have a cell structure called a nematocyst for stinging prey

14. Figure 23.8a  Jellyfish

15. Figure 23.8b  Sea anemone

16. Figure 23.8c  Coral polyps

17. Figure 23.9 Two Stages of Life for Many Cnidarians
medusa
gastric cavity
tentacles
mouth
mouth
tentacles
gastric cavity
polyp

18. PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES = flatworms
EX: planaria, flukes, tapeworms
bilateral symmetry
incomplete digestive system (one opening)
no segmentation
no circulatory system
concentration of sensory organs at anterior “head” end

19. Figure 23.12a Flatworm anatomy
primitive eyes
nerve cords
cerebral ganglia
genital pore
penis
testes
ovaries
Nervous system includes primitive eyes and two collections of nerve cells, the cerebral ganglia, that connect to nerve cords that run the length of the animal. In reproduction, Dugesia is hermaphroditic, meaning it possesses male sex organs (testes and penis) as well as female sex organs (ovaries and other structures). When two Dugesia copulate, each projects its penis and inserts it in the genital pore of the other.

20. Figure 23.11  Flatworms

21. PHYLUM NEMATODA = round worms
Examples: Ascaris, Toxocara canis
bilateral symmetry
complete digestive system
no segmentation
no circulatory system
body is round in cross section
free living organisms or parasitic organisms

22. PHYLUM ANNELIDA = segmented worms
EX: earthworm, clam worm, blood worm, leech
bilateral symmetry
complete digestive system
segmentation - the body is composed of many nearly identical segments
closed circulatory system

23. Figure 23.13 The Body Plan of an Earthworm
dorsal blood vessel
intestine
brain
“hearts”
mouth
coelomic space
muscular walls between segments
anus
pairs of bristles
segments

24. Figure 23.14a Hawaiian Christmas tree worm

25. Figure 23.14b Medicinal leech

26. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA - the mollusks
bilateral symmetry
complete digestive system
no segmentation in adults
open circulatory system

27. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA - the mollusks
EX: snails, slugs, clams, scallops, oysters, octopus, squid
soft body. Some have a muscular foot used for movement
a protective shell made of calcium carbonate sometimes covers the soft body. The shell does support the body somewhat, but is not a skeletal system

28. Snail (Gastropod)

29. Squid (Cephalopod)

30. Scallop  (Bivalve)

31. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA arthropods
EX: insects, spiders, ticks, scorpions, centipedes, millipedes, crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, etc.),
the largest animal phylum
bilateral symmetry
complete digestive system
open circulatory system
exoskeleton

32. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA arthropods
Segmentation – but many segments are fused into larger body regions (e.g., some of the 20 segments of an insect have fused together to form 3 body regions: head, thorax, and abdomen)
many pairs of jointed appendages - arthropod means “jointed leg”

33. Class Insects Example: Beetles, flies, bees, grasshoppers
largest group
6 legs, 2 pair wings, 1 pair antennae

34.  Insect Features
head
thorax
abdomen
exoskeleton
muscles
joint
segments

35. Class Crustaceans Example: Crabs, lobsters , shrimp, barnacles
2 part body
gills
many appendages

36. Crustacean Diversity

37. Crustacean Diversity

38. Crustacean Diversity

39. many body segments and appendage
Class Centipedes and Millipedes
many body segments and appendage  

40. Class Horseshoe crabs (most closely related to arachnids = spiders)

41. Class Arachnids Example: Spider, tick, scorpion
8 legs, no wings, no antennae
Fang-like mouth parts

42. Class Arachnid Diversity

43. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA “spiny-skinned” animals
EX: starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber, sea lily, sand dollar
radial symmetry in adults (the body is usually subdivided into five parts)
complete digestive system
open circulatory system
no segmentation

44. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA “spiny-skinned” animals
endoskeleton made of calcified plates
tube feet use suction, to move and feed
rough skin has spines

45. Figure 23.24a  Sea star

46. Feather star. Related to sea lily
Feather star. Related to sea lily. Has 10 arms, each of which branches many times.

47. PHYLUM CHORDATA - chordates
EX: fish, birds, snakes, humans
bilateral symmetry
complete digestive system
modified segmentation - segmentation is easily seen in the embryo but becomes somewhat hidden in the adult
endoskeleton
closed circulatory system

48. PHYLUM CHORDATA - the chordates
Chordates have three unique characteristics:
notochord = hard supporting rod of the skeleton along the back
nerve cord running with the notochord
pharyngeal gill slits - openings from inside the pharynx to the environment. In fish, they contain gills which are respiratory organs.

49. Three Universal Chordate Features
notochord
dorsal nerve cord
pharyngeal slits

50. The Vertebrate Classes:
The Chordates are subdivided into three subphyla, but almost all species of chordate are within the Subphylum Vertebrata, the vertebrates.
In the Vertebrata, the notochord is replaced during development by a new rod made of many pieces which is called the vertebral column or backbone.

51. Subphylum Tunicates, a primitive chordate

52. 3 CLASSES OF FISH 1. Jawless fish (e.g., lamprey) - 50 species
2. Cartilaginous fish = fish with a skeleton of cartilage (sharks, rays) species
3. Bony fish = fish with a skeleton of bone - 18,000 species

53. Lamprey. No Jaw, a Predator

54. Cartilaginous Fish. A ray

55. CLASS AMPHIBIA - amphibians
EX: salamanders, frogs, toads
aquatic larvae with gills
adults with lungs
three chambered heart
Moist skin
no teeth, claws, or scales

56. Figure 23.33 Amphibian Life Cycle
female
male
egg
mature frog
fertilized egg
sperm
immature frog
developing embryo
tadpole

57. CLASS REPTILIA - reptiles
EX: lizards, snakes, crocodiles, turtles
three chambered heart
dry skin covered with scales. (The shell of a turtle is made of scales. The inner scales become bony and attach to the endoskeleton.)
usually possess claws and teeth  

58. CLASS AVES - birds Example: finch, blue bird four chambered heart
warm blooded
skin covered with feathers
forelimbs adapted as wings
hollow bones - reduces the bird’s weight so that flying is easier

59. CLASS MAMMALIA - mammals
EX: kangaroo, mouse, bat, dog, cow, humans,
 fox, cat.
four chambered heart
warm blooded
skin covered with hair
modified sweat glands called mammary glands to produce milk

60. Mammal Diversity Plecental mammal, Bear

61. Mammal Diversity Marsupial Kangaroo

62. Mammal Diversity monotreme Duck-billed platypus