1. The Control of Electricity in Circuits

3. Voltage and Current

4. Static vs. Moving Electric Charges Recap
Static electricity is electric charge that remains in a fixed position on an insulator and distributes itself over the entire surface of the conductor.
Static electric charges can be transferred by friction, contact, and induction.

5. Static vs. Moving Electric Charges
Current electricity is electrical charge that moves from a source of electrical energy in a controlled path through an electric circuit.
The electrical energy of the moving electric charge can be converted into other desired forms of energy using different loads (light bulbs etc.)

6. Electrical Potential (Voltage)
Have you ever wondered why you can touch some sources of electricity but not others?
Such as:
you can touch a battery end to end, but not a wall socket.
This is due to the amount of electrical energy that is being given by the cell
Energy from the wall can be 80 times greater than that of a battery.

7. A Model of Electric Potential: AKA voltage
We can relate the electric circuit to a watermill
Think of water pouring on a watermill, there is only so much water in the bucket to pour on the water wheel, we can call this potential energy

8. A Model of Electric Potential: AKA voltage
The energy (water) rotates the wheel
The same is seen by the dry cell
The energy in the dry cell or battery is called the electric potential energy, so there is only so much energy the battery can give, the energy released (electrons) allow the motor to turn.

9. Voltage
A measure of the potential energy difference between 2 points in a circuit.
Big voltage = lots of energy in the electrons
This can cause current to flow.
Picture of Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta was an Italian physicist known for the invention of the battery in the 1800s.

10. Electricity from Chemical Reactions
Electric Potential:
The energy that each electron possesses
This term is interchangeable with the term Voltage
Its SI unit is a volt (V).
Can be measured using a voltmeter

11. Electric Current
Is a measure of the rate at which electric charges move past a given point in a circuit.
The variable representing Current is I
The SI unit to measure electric current is A (ampere)
Current is measured using an ammeter device which is connected to the circuit
Picture of André-Marie Ampère from France!

12. Human Response to Electric Shock Chart

13. Types of Current
Direct Current (DC) – current only flows in one direction

14. Types of Current
Alternating Current (AC) – current flows back and forth at regular time intervals. Eg generators and electrical sockets use this.

15. Types of Current
With imbedded video!

16. Practice
p438 #(4),5
p447#3-6
If you haven’t started yet p436#1-3

17. Electrochemical Cells
There are 2 basic types of primary cells: The primary wet cell (voltaic cell) and the primary dry cell.
In a primary cell:
chemical reactions use up some of the materials in the cell as electrons move from it.

18. Primary Wet Cell Also called a Voltaic Cell
developed by Alessandro Volta.
Is called wet because it is made of two pieces of metal that are placed in a liquid.

19. Primary Wet Cell
The 2 metal plates are what’s called electrodes and are usually copper and zinc
The liquid the metals/electrodes are in is called the electrolyte, which is a liquid that can conduct a current.
So what happens in the wet cell?

20. Primary Wet Cell The zinc plate is the negative terminal
The copper plate is the positive terminal
The energy is only released when the cell is exposed to a closed electrical circuit

21. Primary Dry Cell
Functions the same as a wet cell, except there is no liquid electrolyte, but a moist electrolyte paste/plate
Dry cells gradually discharge their energy over long periods of time, that’s why they have an expiry date.

22. Secondary Cells These are our rechargeable batteries
Secondary refers to the fact that there are 2 chemical processes occurring
To discharge the cell
To recharge the cell to its original state
Used in cars

23. Cells and Batteries: Costs and Benefits
Cells are very convenient, act as a remote energy source.
In voltaic cells the electrodes themselves are involved in the chemical reaction (with the electrolyte), so they can only supply so much energy before they are fully discharged.

24. Availability and Cost Resources
Many substances are very rare and only found in certain areas of the world.
Extracting minerals and elements can be an expensive process as well.
Rechargeable batteries are used for almost every type of battery there is.
Rechargeable batteries are much more expensive to manufacture and may not be worth purchasing fro low-use devices.

25. Toxicity
Many of the substances used in cells and batteries are poisonous
Such as: lead, mercury, chlorine, Lithium, Sodium.
The more batteries, the more these materials/substances are around us in our homes.

26. Disposal
Both rechargeable and single-use batteries have to be replaced.
Usually people throw them in the trash and they go to the land fills.
50% of the mercury found in landfills are from batteries.