1. Disorders of the Urinary System
Can you guess one?

2. Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)
Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid
Gradually they get larger until they block ureters
First sym severe pain
Other sym nausea and vomiting, frequency, chills, fever, hematuria
Diagnosis by symptoms, ultrasound, or x-ray
Rx –increase fluids to flush out stone, medications, and if needed LITHOTRIPSY

3. Lithostripsy Surgical procedure to remove kidney stones
Shock waves hit dense stones and break them up
Done on outpatient basis

4. Nephritis Inflammation of the kidney (kidney infection)
Incontinence –involuntary urination

5. Cystitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the urinary bladder
Most common cause – E.Coli
Sym- DYSUIA (painful urination) and frequency
Usually in females (shorter urethra)
Rx - antibiotics

6. Hemodialysis Used for kidney failure
Involves the passage of blood through device with semipermeable membrane
Dialysis serves as substitute kidney
Blood from patient flows through machine and is filtered
Can be done at home or in clinic
Takes 2-4 hours, 2-3 times a week.

7. Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation and scarring of the glomerulus; causes damage to the filter
mechanism; allows blood cells and protein to enter the filtrate
Symptoms: kidney failure, uremia, HTN or hypotension, decreased urine
output, increased serum creatinine and urea
Diagnosis: Urinalysis and blood testing
Treatment: Depends on cause. Treating underlying cause may decrease
progression
Primary cause: no obvious cause
Secondary causes: bacterial infection, drug toxicity, diabetes mellitus,
systemic lupus erythematosus, genteic disorders such as Alport’s Syndrome
and Goodpasture’s Syndrome

8. Renal Failure (Renal Insufficiency)
Cause: either acute or progressive damage to the kidneys from many different
causes
Symptoms: decreased urine output, uremia, fluid retention, loss of appetitie,
fatigue, hiccups, nausea, mental confusion, clotting disorder, seizures
Diagnosis: blood tests, urinalysis, imaging
Treatments: blood pressure meds, glucose control, diet, treat underlying
condition, prevention of cardiovascular disease, kidney replacement when
progresses to end stage disease

12. Kidney Transplant As a last resort
Involves donor organ from someone with a similar immune system
Main complication - rejection

13. Definitions Enuresis Glycosuria Nocturia Polyuria Bedwetting
Sugar in urine
Frequent urination at night
Large amounts of urine

14. Definitions Continues
Pyuria
Anuria
Hematuria
Diuretic
Pus in urine
No urine produced
Blood in urine
Drug or substance to increase urine production

15. anuria
absence of urine
diuretic
drug that increases urinary output
dysuria
painful urination   
filtrate
fluid that has passed through a filter

16. incontinence
involuntary urination
micturate
to urinate
nephralgia
pain in a kidney
neurogenic bladder
damage to the nerve that controls the bladder   
oliguria
reduced production of urine

17. uremia
presence of urinary waste products in the blood
urinalysis
examination of the urine
urinary catheterization
insertion of a sterile tube into the urinary bladder
urinary retention
inability to urinate
urinate
emptying of urine from the urinary bladder
void
emptying of urine from the urinary bladder