1. Verbs
Words like porto, traho, capio, and audio are known as verbs. They usually indicate an action or a state of affairs.
In Latin the ending of the verb indicated the person who is doing the action. English uses pronoun subjects as follows:

2. Verbs In English Singular Plural 1st Person I we 2nd Person you
3rd Person
she/he, it
they

3. In Unit 1 you have met three tenses of the Latin verbs: Present Tense
porto
I carry
portas
you (S) carry
portat
s/he carries
portamus
we carry
portatis
you (PL) carry
portant
they carry

4. Imperfect Past Tense portabam I was carrying portabas
you (S) were carrying
portabat
s/he was carrying
portabamus
we were carrying
portabatis
you (PL) were carrying
portabant
they were carrying

5. Perfect Tense portavi I carried portavisti you (S) carried portavit
s/he carried
portavimus
we carried
portavistis
you (PL) carried
portaverunt
they carried

6. English has more than one way of translating each of these tenses:
The present tense indicates an action or state of happening now: porto can mean I carry, I am carrying, or I do carry.
The imperfect tense indicates a repeated or incomplete past action or state. portabam can mean: I was carrying, I did carry, I used to carry, I began to carry.
The perfect tense indicates a single or complete past action or state. portavi can mean: I carried, I have carried, or I did carry.

7. Verb Conjugations
Just as nouns have declensions, verbs have families known as conjugations, based on different vowel combinations found in front of personal endings. The following are the full tables of verb endings you have met in Unit 1:

8. Present Tense Conjugations
First
Second
Third
Fourth I
porto
doceo
traho
audio
you
portas
doces
trahis
audis
s/he, it
portat
docet
trahit
audit we
portamus
docemus
trahimus
audimus
portatis
docetis
trahitis
auditis
they
portant
docent
trahunt
audiunt

9. Imperfect Tense Conjugations
First
Second
Third
Fourth I
portabam
docebam
trahebam
audiebam
you
portabas
docebas
trahebas
audiebas
s/he, it
portabat
docebat
trahebat
audiebat we
portabamus
docebamus
trahebamus
audiebamus
portabatis
docebatis
trahebatis
audiebatis
they
portabant
docebant
trahebant
audiebant

10. Perfect Tense Conjugations
First
Second
Third
Fourth I
portavi
docui
traxi
audivi
you
portavisti
docuisti
traxisti
audivisti
s/he, it
portavit
docuit
traxit
audivit we
portavimus
docuimus
traximus
audivimus
portavistis
docuistis
traxistis
audivistis
they
portaverunt
docuerunt
traxerunt
audiverunt

11. Verb Practice #1
Go back into the charts and find the Latin verbs for the following English words:
They were carrying, you (S) were teaching, she was dragging, I was listening, you (PL) were carrying
He heard, they dragged, I taught, we listened, you (S) carried.
I teach, we drag, she hears, you (PL) drag, they carry.

12. Translate the following forms of the present tense:
ego dormio, servus dormit, non dormimus, servi dormiunt.
servi laborant, tu laboras; servus laborat, ego laboro.
intrant, intras, intrat, intro.
sedemus, sedeo, sedent, sedes.
venio, venimus, veniunt, venitis

13. More practice!! servi ambulant, servi ambulabant, servi ambulaverunt.
servus laborat, servus laborabat, servus laboravit.
clamamus, clamabamus, clamavimus.
dormiunt, dormiebant, dormiverunt.
parabas, paravisti, paras.

14. Even more practice! intrabam, intravi, intro. fecit, faciebat, facit.
dixistis, dicitis, dicebatis.
apparebant, apparent, apparuerunt.

15. Irregular Verbs These verbs are not part of the four conjugations.
PRESENT TENSE
IMPERFECT TENSE
sum
I am
eram
I was es
you (S) are
eras
you (S) were
est
s/he, it is
erat
s/he, it was
sumus
we are
eramus
we were
estis
you (PL) are
eratis
you (PL) were
sunt
they are
erant
they were

16. Translate each of the singular verbs
Translate each of the singular verbs. Then convert into the plural form and translate:
Example: portavi I carried
portavimus we carried
trahis fugio
audivisti circumspectabas
veniebam misit
es tacui
scripsit erat

17. Now do the opposite! Example: portavimus we carried portavi I carried
intramus festinabatis
timebant ridemus
cepistis surrexerunt
dormiunt celebravistis
sumus eramus