1. Table of Contents
16.1 The Endocrine System
16.2 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
16.3 Pregnancy, Development, and Birth

2. Chapter Preview Questions
1. What does a child inherit from the male parent?
a. all of his genetic information
b. half of his genetic information
c. double his genetic information
d. none of his genetic information

3. Chapter Preview Questions
1. What does a child inherit from the male parent?
a. all of his genetic information
b. half of his genetic information
c. double his genetic information
d. none of his genetic
information

4. Chapter Preview Questions
2. An egg and a sperm are needed for sexual reproduction so the child will
a. have a full set of genetic
material.
b. inherit traits from the dominant
parent.
c. inherit traits from only one
d. have differentiated cells.

5. Chapter Preview Questions
2. An egg and a sperm are needed for sexual reproduction so the child will
a. have a full set of genetic material.
b. inherit traits from the dominant
parent.
c. inherit traits from only one
d. have differentiated cells.

6. Chapter Preview Questions
3. Which part of the cell carries hereditary information?
a. mitochondrion
b. vacuole
c. chromosome
d. cell membrane

7. Chapter Preview Questions
3. Which part of the cell carries hereditary information?
a. mitochondrion
b. vacuole
c. chromosome
d. cell membrane

8. Chapter Preview Questions
4. As multicellular organisms develop, how do their
cells change?
a. The cells differentiate into
specialized cells
b. The cells divide into
identical cells
c. The cells are passed on to
their offspring
d. The cells die off

9. Chapter Preview Questions
4. As multicellular organisms develop, how do their cells change?
a. The cells differentiate into
specialized cells
b. The cells divide into identical
cells
c. The cells are passed on to their
offspring
d. The cells die off
Chapter Preview Questions

10. Section 1: The Endocrine System
How does the endocrine system control body processes?
What are the endocrine glands?
How does negative feedback control hormone levels?

11. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM=GLANDS---HORMONES-SECRETED TO BLOODSTREAM-REGULATE THE BODY.
HORMONES= THE MESSAGES
BLOODSTREAM=DELIVERS THE MESSAGES .

12. THE HYPOTHALAMUS:
LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE BRAIN THE MASTER SWITCHBOARD CONTROLS THE PITUITARY TEMPERATURE, HEARTBEAT, APPETITE TURNS OFF/ON OTHER GLANDS

13. THE PITUITARY:
PEA SHAPED BLOOD PRESSURE CHILDBIRTH GROWTH OTHER GLANDS

14. THE THYROID:
BASE OF NECK METABOLISM

15. REGULATE CALCIUM IN THE BLOOD
THE PARATHYROIDS:
4 SMALL PEA SHAPED GLANDS ON THE THYROID
REGULATE CALCIUM IN THE BLOOD

16. THE ADRENAL GLANDS:
ON THE KIDNEYS ADRENALINE FIGHT OR FLIGHT

17. THE PANCREAS:
INSULIN DIGESTION CONTROL SUGAR IN THE BLOOD

18. THYMUS
NEAR HEART IMMUNE SYSTEM

19. OVARIES
FEMALE SEX HORMONE PRODUCES ESTROGEN MENSTRUATION SEX CHARACTERISTICS

20. TESTES
MALE SEX HORMONE MALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS TESTOSTERONE SPERM PRODUCTION

21. Functions of Endocrine Glands
The endocrine glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, and pancreas.

22. Functions of Endocrine Glands
The ovaries in females and testes in males are also endocrine glands.

23. Functions of Endocrine Glands
The pituitary gland communicates with the hypothalamus to control many body activities.

24. Negative Feedback
Through negative feedback, when the amount of a particular hormone in the blood reaches a certain level, the endocrine system sends signals that stop the release of that hormone.

25. Section 2: The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
What is sexual reproduction?
What are the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems?
What events occur during the menstrual cycle?

26. THE SEX CELLS SPERM = MALE SEX CELL
 THE EGG= FEMALE SEX CELL
SPERM = MALE SEX CELL
FERTILIZATION= JOINING OF EGG AND SPERM
A ZYGOTE=A FERTILIZED EGG
SEX CELLS= HALF THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES AS OTHER CELLS
CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN GENES THAT GIVE US OUR TRAITS
A TRAIT IS A CHARACTERISTIC YOU HAVE.

27. Male Reproductive System
The male reproductive system is specialized to produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. The structures of the male reproductive system include the testes, scrotum, and penis.

28. THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
TESTOSTERONE = A HORMONE THAT CONTROLS MALE CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS VOICE, FACIAL HAIR, BROAD SHOULDERS AND SPERM PRODUCTION. SPERM = A TINY PACKAGE OF CHROMOSOMES THAT CAN SWIM. SPERM CONSISTS OF A HEAD AND A TAIL.

29. THE PATH OF SPERM
SPERM CELLS ARE PRODUCED IN THE TESTES. THEY TRAVEL OUT OF THE TESTES AND MIX WITH SEMEN SEMEN CAN CONTAIN 5-10 MILLION SPERM IN ONE DROP. SEMEN LEAVES THE BODY THROUGH THE URETHRA MUSCLES NEAR THE BLADDER CONTRACT TO PREVENT URINE AND SEMEN FROM MIXING.

30. Female Reproductive System
OVARIES ARE ENDOCRINE GLANDS THAT PRODUCE ESTROGEN AND THE FEMALES EGGS.
ESTROGEN CREATES FEMALE CHARACTERISTICS SUCH AS BREASTS AND WIDE HIPS.

31. EACH MONTH AN OVARY RELEASES A MATURE EGG.
THE PATH OF THE EGG CELL
EACH MONTH AN OVARY RELEASES A MATURE EGG.
THE EGG ENTERS THE FALLOPIAN TUBE (OVIDUCT)
THE EGG MOVES TO THE UTERUS
IF FERTILIZATION OCCURS, THE EGG IMPLANTS ITSELF IN THE UTERUS WALL.
IF NO FERTILIZATION OCCURS, THE EGG PASSES THROUGH THE CERVIX INTO THE VAGINA AND THEN OUT OF THE BODY.

32. THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE BEGINS AS AN EGG STARTS TO DEVELOP IN THE OVARY
THE UTERUS PREPARES FOR THE EGG BY PRODUCING A LINING OF BLOOD.
2 WEEKS INTO THE CYCLE THE EGG IS RELEASED FROM THE OVARY AND BEGINS ITS 1-2 DAY JOURNEY THROUGH THE OVIDUCT.
IF FERTILIZATION DOESN’T OCCUR, THE EGG PASSES THROUGH THE BODY FOLLOWED BY THE UTERINE LINING.
MENSTRUATION LASTS ABOUT 3-5 DAYS, DURING WHICH TIME A NEW EGG IS DEVELOPING IN THE OVARY.

33. THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

34. Changing Hormone Levels
A woman’s hormone levels change throughout the menstrual cycle. The graph shows the levels of one female hormone, known as LH, during the menstrual cycle.

35. Changing Hormone Levels
Reading Graphs:
What does the y-axis show?
Level of LH

36. Changing Hormone Levels
Interpreting Data:
What is the level of LH on day 1? On day 17? On day 21?
12,12,12

37. The Menstrual Cycle
During the menstrual cycle, an egg develops in an ovary. At the same time, the uterus prepares for the arrival of an embryo.

38. Section 3: Pregnancy, Development, and Birth
What are the changes that occur to the zygote, embryo, and fetus during development?
How is the developing embryo protected and nourished?
What happens during childbirth?
What changes occur as a person develops from infancy to adulthood?

39. PREGNANCY, BIRTH, CHILDHOOD
THE PLACENTA DEVELOPS BECOMING THE LINK BETWEEN THE MOTHER AND THE BABY
THE ROPE LIKE UMBILICAL CORD DEVELOPS BETWEEN THE MOTHER AND THE EMBRYO.
FROM THE 9TH WEEK THE EMBRYO IS CALLED A FETUS.
THE FINAL 3 MONTHS PREPARE THE FETUS TO SURVIVE OUTSIDE THE MOTHERS BODY.
THE BIRTH AT 9 MONTHS TAKES PLACE IN THREE STAGES.

40. Development Before Birth
THE ZYGOTE DIVIDES UNTIL IT BECOMES A HOLLOW BALL THAT ATTACHES TO THE LINING OF THE UTERUS. FOR THE NEXT 8 WEEKS OR SO, THE DEVELOPING HUMAN IS CALLED AN EMBRYO.
Zygote

41. Development Before Birth
Zygote
Eight-Cell Stage
Hollow Ball

42. Development Before Birth
THE HOLLOW BALL OF CELLS GROWS INWARD AND DEVELOPS INTO A FLUID FILLED SAC CALLED THE AMNIOTIC SAC.
Zygote
Eight-Cell Stage
Hollow Ball

43. Development Before Birth.
Zygote
Eight-Cell Stage
Hollow Ball
Stage When Folding Begins

44. Development Before Birth
The zygote develops into an embryo and then into a fetus. Differentiation leads to specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
Zygote
Eight-Cell Stage
Hollow Ball
Stage When Folding Begins
Embryo With Three Layers

45. PREGNANCY
THE PLACENTA DEVELOPS BECOMING THE LINK BETWEEN THE MOTHER AND THE BABY THE ROPE LIKE UMBILICAL CORD DEVELOPS BETWEEN THE MOTHER AND THE EMBRYO. FROM THE 9TH WEEK THE EMBRYO IS CALLED A FETUS.

46. BIRTH
FIRST STAGE LABOR PAINS SIGNAL THE BEGINNING OF LABOR. THE CERVIX ENLARGES THE UTERUS CONTRACTS 2ND STAGE IS CALLED DELIVERY. THE BABY IS PUSHED COMPLETELY OUT OF THE UTERUS 3RD STAGE OF BIRTH IS THE AFTER BIRTH WHEN THE PLACENTA AND OTHER MEMBRANES ARE PUSHED OUT

47. Protection and Nourishment
The membranes and other structures that form during development protect and nourish the developing embryo, and later the fetus.

48. Birth
There are two types of twins: identical twins and fraternal twins.

49. PHYSICAL CHANGES OF ADOLESCENCE
PUBERTY- THE AGES OF 9-14 YEARS, A PERSON GROWS TALLER, VOICES CHANGE, SEX ORGANS DEVELOP, SKIN PRODUCES MORE OILS, BREASTS DEVELOP, SPERM PRODUCTION BEGINS, HAIR DEVELOPS ON THE BODY

50. MENTAL CHANGES.
13-15 A TEENAGER BEGINS TO THINK AND REASON LIKE AN ADULT. TEENS BECOME MORE SOCIAL THEIR FRIENDS TAKE ON A GREAT IMPORTANCE. TEENS ARE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PEER PRESSURE.